There has been an attempt to associate anxiety and depression with arterial stiffness. In the present study, we assessed differences in arterial stiffness among 3 groups of hypertensive patients compared to control normotensives as well as possible association with anxiety and depression scoring system.

The study cohort comprised of 127 patients (75 male, mean age 54 ± 14) who underwent assessment of their blood pressure levels and were divided in four groups: group I (normotensives, n = 34), group II (stage 1 HTN, n = 33), group III (stage 2 HTN, n = 30) and group IV (stage 3 HTN, n = 30). The evaluation of anxiety disorder was made by means of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), while the evaluation of depression was made with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Arterial stiffness evaluation was done with Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI). Statistical analysis was done with SPSS for windows. P-value was set at 0.05 for differences to be considered significant.

Both CAVI R and CAVI L indices were significantly higher as the severity of hypertension progressed (P < 0.001). BDI score was significantly correlated with CAVIR (Pearson r = 0.53, P < 0.0001) and CAVI L (Pearson r = 0.39, P < 0.0001). HADS score was also significantly correlated with both CAVIR (Pearson r = 0.53, P < 0.0001) and CAVIL (Pearson r = 0.43, P < 0.0001).

There is a burden in the arterial stiffness of this population with the increase of the levels of BP which is not surprising. However, the new finding is that there is a strong correlation with arterial stiffness indices and both anxiety and depression scoring system.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

ASPD has a prevalence of 2-3% in the general population but rates in prison have been reported as 50% to 75%. ASPD is associated with significant psychiatric and medical comorbidity, high offending rates, poor psychosocial adaptation and premature death. Outcomes are poor. There is little consensus regarding the most effective intervention for the condition.

To conduct systematic literature reviews to identify randomised controlled trials for either pharmacological or psychological interventions for ASPD.

Systematic literature reviews (Cochrane reviews).

For the review on psychological interventions only 11 studies could be included with a total of 411 participants, but only five reported data separately for the subgroup of ASPD. Nine of the studies looked at participants with substance misuse problems who also suffered from ASPD. Only three types of interventions were effective (contingency management, CBT and a specific programme for those convicted for driving whilst intoxicated). These interventions showed positive results for substance misuse related outcomes but not for any others behaviours or symptoms. For the pharmacological review 10 studies were identified, anticonvulsants were the most commonly used drugs with some evidence of effectiveness on aggression, however, study quality was poor.

Despite the considerable personal and societal consequences of ASPD, very little research is carried out with regards to interventions in this patient group and subsequently the evidence base to support any interventions is extremely limited.

Bupropion is a dual antidepressant, a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Its main use is in affective disorders as major depression. Antidepressants have been commonly associated with sexual side effects in the libido, sexual arousal, orgasm and erectile function. Bupropion has negative influence in sexual function, even it could increase the libido. Due to this, it could be a good option in patients with active sexual life and affective disorder.

A 58-year-old female with a long history of depression disorder for 5 years. History of lots of side effects with different treatments, sexual dysfunction with serotonin-antidepressants. Treated with bupropion SR 150 mg/day and alprazolam, she suffered a relapse. The bupropion was increased to 300 mg/day. Three days later she appeared in the consultation room, presented a sense of pre-orgasmic of 72 hours of evolution, high increased libido, tiredness, muscle tension and insomnia. This sense did not improve after the sexual act. It had never happened previously. The side effect improved when the bupropion was reduced to 150 mg/day and disappeared with its withdrawal.

The case made a relationship between the increased of bupropion's dose and the appearance of unusual sexual side effects (increased of libido and pre-orgasmic sense). Not only bupropion is one of the antidepressants that do not cause sexual dysfunction, if not it was reported in some trials that could be a treatment against this dysfunction due to its prosexual effects. The mechanism is unknown but could be related with norepinephrine or dopamine transmission.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

European data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the general population is sparse.

To report HRQoL in UK adults with ADHD.

UK residents aged 18–55 years with a diagnosis of adult ADHD completed an online, cross-sectional survey including questions on disease history, the EuroQol Five Dimensions questionnaire with five-levels (EQ-5D-5L) and the Work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire: general health (WPAI:GH). ADHD symptom severity was assessed by telephone using ADHD rating scale version IV with adult prompts (ADHD-RS-IV).

The survey was completed by 233 participants (65.2% women; 77.3% white British), mean age 32.6 years (standard deviation [SD] 9.5), mean ADHD-RS-IV total score 43.46 (SD 7.88). Their mean EQ-5D-5L utility score of 0.74 (SD 0.21) was lower than the UK population norm of 0.86 (SD 0.23).[1] WPAI:GH scores indicated that health problems resulted in impairments of 32.04% in work productivity and 45.79% in regular daily activities. Regression analyses adjusting for gender, age and comorbidities demonstrated associations between EQ-5D-5L utility scores and gender (men had lower scores, P < 0.001), work impairment due to health problems (increasing impairment was associated with lower scores, P = 0.005) and age (for each additional year of age, scores decreased by 0.007, P = 0.010).

These results highlight the impact on health utility, work productivity and regular daily activities, and add to the description of the disease burden of adult ADHD in the UK.

This study was funded by Shire Development LLC.

Kings College London research support account for Asherson received honoraria for consultancy to Shire, Eli-Lilly and Novartis educational/research awards from Shire, Lilly, Novartis, Vifor Pharma, GW Pharma and QbTech speaker at sponsored events for Shire, Lilly and Novartis.

Age-of-onset (AO) seems to be a phenotypic variable with a strong genetic component and therefore useful in molecular analysis of bipolar disorder (BP). A debate about the cut-off point for defining early AO has developed over the last few years. Using an Expectation-Maximization algorithm Bellivier et al. (2001) found the best fit for a model with three onset-groups, proposing the age 20-21 as cut-off for early onset, while using the same algorithm Kennedy et al. (2005) found the best fit for a two onset-group model with age 40 as cut-off with an incidence peak for mania in the age-band 21-25. Based on segregation analysis, we proposed a two AO-group model with cut-off age 25 for early onset (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu et al. 2001). The present study aimed at investigating the best AO-model in 500 Romanian BPI and 1458 German BPI patients using commingling analysis (SAGEv6.01-software) (Elston et al, 2009). The best model was selected according to Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC).

The two AO-group and three AO-group models provided similar AIC-values both in the Romanian and the German sample. The Romanian early-onset group (40% cases) had means around 18 years, SDs=6-7, while in the German early-onset group the mean AO was around 20 years (SDs=9-11) (50% cases). Thus the cut-off for early-onset (X +1SD) was different.

Our results overlapped with the findings of Kennedy et al (2005) showing that two-curve and three-curve AO mixtures similarly fit the AO-distribution in BPI disorder and the cut-offs for early-onset differ by sample.

Suicide is recognized as a social problem and the interest in preventive measures to diminish suicide risk is constantly increasing. But scientific research results that distinguish between those who have only suicidal ideation (SI) and those who have a history of Suicidal attempts (SA) are limited. Inhibitory control is regarded as an important ability related to the transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempts. In event-related potential, patients with dysfunction of inhibitory control demonstrate a reduction in the no-go amplitude.

This study aimed to determine the association between the no-go event-related potential component and suicidal behaviors among suicide attempters and ideators who never attempted suicide.

Overall, 150 patients who visited the emergency room by suicide attempts or patients who visited the psychiatric department with suicidal ideation were recruited and instructed to perform a go/no-go task during electroencephalography recording. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale, and Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale were used. Individuals were divided into two groups: those with suicidal attempts (SA group) and with suicidal ideation (SI group) without SA. The psychological characteristics and event-related potentials of the two groups were compared. Correlation analyses were conducted to test the association between the clinical characteristics and event-related potentials.

The SA group had significantly decreased no-go P3 amplitudes at all electrodes compared to the SI group. In the correlation analysis between the clinical measurements and event-related potentials in all the participants, no-go P3 amplitudes in whole electrode sites were negatively correlated with the scores of the acquired capability for the suicide scale.

This study revealed that suicide attempters have dysfunction in controlling inhibition compared to suicide ideators reflected in the no-go P3. Our findings suggested that no-go P3 can be a biomarker associated suicide attempts in suicide ideators.

None Declared

Ketamine is an anesthetic agent, also used for other medical purposes (pain, depression). Due to its pharmacological properties, ketamine is diverted and abused. This recreational use has become widespread in France.

we explore different kinds of ketamine diversion in order to analyze its abuse liability.

based on data collected from addictovigilance tools and from different surveys, we present the characteristics of patients and their various ketamine misuses.

We have studied notifications received between 2000-2014 and 4 recent surveys. Results are reflected in the below table:

Notifications reported 6 cases DSM-IV of dependence. In 2 cases, ketamine was used to manage withdrawal of medically prescribed opioids for pain. In 2 cases, ketamine was identified as an adulterant in ecstasy. We report also 5 victims of criminal use of ketamine for sexual assault.

Results provides insight into the myriad uses of ketamine. Abuse increase and avaibility of ketamine extends in general population.

Health professional must be informed about the widespread use of ketamine and its consequences. Our results point out the necessity to reinforce its monitoring in France.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Social support is one of the functions of social relationships that modify stress. Social supportive resources play important role in helping patients to adjust to the disease. Not much is known about social support in multiple sclerosis patients while it is one of the available interpersonal resources.

and aims To examine the specificity in perceived social support in multiple sclerosis patients.

The sample were 104 in-patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (both men and women; mean age 38, SD = 10). All patients included in this study filled out the 22-item Russian version of the social support questionnaire (F-SOZU-22, G. Sommer, T. Fydrich in 1989, adaptation developed by A. Kholmogorova in 2006). Among them there were patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

The entire sample reported the normal level of social support. One can mention that multiple sclerosis patients did not differ in general level of perceived social support from the healthy subjects. The exception was the overall satisfaction of social support, which reflected its statistically higher level in multiple sclerosis patients (P < 0.05). Further analysis showed no significant differences in perceived social support in patients associated with gender factor and clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (P > 0.05).

The perceived social support in multiple sclerosis patients is characterized by normal levels of its emotional and instrumental components and inclusion in the network of close social relationships. However, the patients of both genders do not feel stability of these relations and have a deceased sense of security that can be a significant risk factor for depression.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Endocannabinoid system has been highlighted as one of the most relevant research topics by neurobiologists, pharmacists, basic scientists and clinicians. The association between endocannabinoids and its congeners and mood disorders is relatively recent. However, evidence from both clinical and preclinical studies is increasing and many researchers point out endocannabinoid system and particularly endocannabinoids and congeners as promising pharmacological targets.

The main objective of this study is to compare the plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and congeners between a sample of patients with depression and a sample of control subjects, and the influence of variables such as age, body mass index, gender, severity of symptoms, and antidepressant medication.

Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and congeners will be analyzed in 69 patients with depression from primary care and 47 controls using mass spectrometry analysis.

Statistically significant differences in 2-arachidonoylglycerol and monoacylglycerols were found between both samples. Somatic symptoms of depression seems to be more related to these compounds that to cognitive-affective symptoms. In addition, differences between mildly and moderately depressed patients were found in concentrations of AEA, LEA, DGLEA and POEA. Patients with antidepressant medication showed higher levels of 2-AG, DGLEA and OEA.

The results of this study provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that in depression there is a dysregulation of the inflammatory signaling and, consequently the immune system. The results of this study could also support the realization of translational research to better understand the mechanisms of this widely distributed system.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) use is progressively increasing year on year. A new group of phenethylamines sold as legal stimulants and hallucinogens is being reported increasingly since 2012. Within this group, 25I-NBOMe is an outstanding substance with powerful effects and high affinity with the serotonin 2a (5HT2a) receptor. Several toxicity cases have been reported so far.

To describe the presence of 25I-NBOMe and its characteristics in samples delivered to Energy Control from 2009 to 2015 in Spain.

Among the samples, 21,198 analyzed from august 2009 to august 2015 and only those samples containing 25I-NBOMe were studied (n = 56). Samples were analyzed by Energy Control, a Spanish harm-reduction NGO that offers users the possibility of analyzing the substances they intend to consume. Analysis was done by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry.

From 56 samples were 25I-NBOMe was found, 24 were bought as LSD (42.8%), 12 as 25I-NBOMe (21.4%), 4 as 25C-NBOMe (7.1%), 4 as 25I-NBOH (7.1%) and 12 as other substances (21.4%), gummy bears included. All samples were received from 2012 on, having the highest peak on 2013 (19 samples).

25I-NBOMe consumption represents an emerging issue with potential harmful effects, especially when the substance used is not the expected. Further pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, clinical and epidemiological researches should be conducted to deepen knowledge about 25I-NBOMe and the management of its possible toxic effects. Physicians should be aware of NPS, their increasing use and the clinical differences between them.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.