Xenophobia has been referred to as a global phenomenon, linked to the globalization process and noted in countries undergoing transition. It comes from the perceived threat of foreigners’ impact on the citizens’ identity or individual rights. Although the Gulf countries host a large number of migrants from several different cultures and ethnicity, so far no study has examined the conceptualization and pervasiveness of Xenophobia and counter strategies to such phenomenon.

Exploring Xenophobia in the Gulf context. Exploring socio-demographic and cognitive factors affecting xenophobia.

Validating a measure of Xenophobia in the Gulf cultural context. Examining the gender differences in Xenophobia among the GCC individuals. Studying socio-demographic and cognitive predictors of Xenophobia.

A sample of 513 individuals from the GCC countries completed several measures of socio-demographic and cognitive variables. Likert-type scale of xenophobia was developed and validated on a large sample of Qatari citizens that showed trustworthy indications of validity and reliability and delivered via internet survey.

The findings showed that Xenophobia negatively correlated with age, parents’ level of education, and varied subject to the type of father's job. The females showed Xenophobia more indications than males. Participants from the six GCC countries showed different levels of Xenophobia indicators. Bad experience with expatriates fully mediated the relationship between the socio-demographic of subjects and the number of Xenophobia indicators. Cognitive factors were also good predictors of Xenophobia across all cultures and gender.

Xenophobia in the Gulf region is influenced by several cognitive and socio-demographic factors that is mediated by, but not limited to, negative personal experiences and their cultural backgrounds.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

There are complicated relations between child's psychiatric problems secondary to epilepsy, maternal stress and parenting style.

The aim of the present research is to study psychological and behavioral characteristics in children with epilepsy, study maternal stress associated with parenting these children, and parenting styles of these mothers.

Children aged 3 to 7 years old with an established diagnosis of epilepsy for at least 1 year without other neurological disorders or mental retardation and their mothers were selected from child neurology clinics in Mashhad, Iran. Eligible participants were 30 epileptic children. Control group of 30 healthy children from Mashhad kindergartens were matched with epileptic children in terms of age and sex. Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ), Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Parenting Style Questionnaire (PSQ) and a demographic questionnaire were used for data collection.

Mothers of children with epilepsy had higher levels of parenting stress (in both parent and child domains) compared to the other group (P < 0.001). Parents with epileptic children scored higher on permissive and authoritarian parenting scales. However, the score was lower for authoritative parenting style in comparison with the scores of the control group. In general, these differences did not reach a significant level (P>0.05). Children with epilepsy had significantly higher scores than normal children in terms of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity and hence, the total difficulty score (P< 0.05).

Educational and psychological programs aimed at enhancing adjustment of parents with their children's epilepsy are greatly needed.

Suicidal behaviour is one of the most common reasons for presentation to the emergency rooms. Bullying is a universal public health concern that affects significant number of adolescents. Many children and adolescents are recurrently involved in school bullying. Research suggests that both bullies and victims are overrepresented amongst those seen by mental health professionals.

Understand the the relationship between bullying and suicidal behaviour, prevalence of different kinds of bullying in patients with mental health problems and prevalence of cyber bullying and it's affect on the victim

Increase public awareness on importance of cyber bullying. We feel that many patients won't disclose that they had been or are being cyber bullied because the characteristics are unclear.

Charts of all patients who visited emergency room from 2011 to 2013 with a mental health complaint were reviewed. Variables understudy were gender, history of bullying, type of bullying (verbal, physical, emotional), DSM-IV-TR diagnosis and outcome following the assessment.

Our study shows significant association between bullying, and suicidal behaviours, although based on our study, this predictor was not commonly assessed .

Our study showed that there was a significant link between bullying and future suicidal behaviour which is not commonly assessed. It is important that physicians identify these risk factor while assessing suicidality. Involvement in current cyber bullying was found to be less frequent than other forms of bullying such as verbal and physical. However, significant links were observed between cyber bullying and suicidal behaviour.

The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for articles containing the following keywords: “bipolar disorder” and “psychoeducation”. The resources were confronted with our own experiences with psychoeducation in bipolar patients and only most relevant information was included in the text.

The most important target of the psychoeducation is to prevent a relapse by increasing compliance with medication usage, increasing social rhythms, reducing emotional expressivity in the family and increasing coping skills against stress. Studies on psychoeducation in bipolar disorder demonstrate significant effects on rehospitalization rates, compliance and knowledge. Compared with mood stabilizer treatment alone, combination treatment of CBT and mood stabilizers has been shown to reduce the number of bipolar episodes, reduce the duration of episodes that do occur, and reduce the number of hospital admissions due to episodes. The aim of the group psychoeducational program of the Psychiatric clinic in Olomouc is to familiarize patients with the essence of bipolar disorder, the part and principles of pharmacotherapy, the recognition of the warning signs of relapse, to advice about improper and stressful stereotypes in communication within families, and finally the training of social skills. Patients consider this program as a meaningful and helping them to better understanding what happened in their life. Supported by grant IGA MZ CR NT 11047-4/2010.

In recent years, researchers and clinicians have shown an increasing interest in self-compassion. Indeed, several studies have suggested that self-compassion is a positive factor for mental and physical health. The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003) has been widely used to assess six dimensions of self-compassion (self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness and over-identification) among diverse populations. Recently, it has also been used in perinatal samples but its psychometric properties in pregnant women is still unexplored.

This study aims was to investigate the reliability and the validity of the SCS using Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a sample of Portuguese pregnant women.

Participants were 417 pregnant women with a mean age of 33 years old (SD = 4.74) in their second trimester of pregnancy (M = 17.26, SD = 4.78, weeks of gestation). Participants completed the Portuguese version of the SCS while waiting for the routine prenatal consultation in Maternity Hospital, Portugal.

A was tested and results showed that the six-factor model had a good fit to the data (TLI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.06). The total SCS presented a good internal reliability (α = 0.91) and their subscales showed Cronbach's alphas ranging between adequate (α = 0.77) and good (α = 0.87).

Overall, these findings suggest that the Portuguese version of the SCS is a valid and reliable measure to assess self-compassion among pregnant women. Thus, SCS could be useful in diverse settings in the perinatal period.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The heterogeneity in the manifestation of PSTD symptomatology has never been described in a developmental period spanning from middle childhood through adolescence. The examination of developmental influences on PTSD symptomatic expression is a high priority for DSM-V and could inform research on the etiology and treatment of PTSD.

To examine the symptom structure of PTSD across different age, gender, and exposure groups, and in association with impairment and other disorders.

To identify homogeneous latent classes of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents.

Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to 6,733 New York City students (4th–12th grades) exposed to 9/11-related potentially traumatic events. LCA was first applied to PTSD symptoms only, stratified by age, gender and empirically defined exposure groups, and then in combination with impairment indicators. The resultant classes were studied in association with other disorders.

LCA identified 4 classes that vary in severity and symptom configuration. Only the most severe profile, qualitatively characterized by the presence of traumatic memories in combination with avoidance and sleep-related problems, showed high levels of impairment and high rates of other disorders. Girls after puberty and subjects indirectly exposed to 9/11 are at increased risk of severe disturbance.

The 4-class model describes quantitative and qualitative differences in the structure of PTSD across age, gender and exposure. These findings support the inclusion of developmental considerations into DSM-V PTSD diagnostic criteria and suggest that also gender and the nature of traumatic exposure inflence PTSD phenomenology in children and adolescents.

Experience of bullying may be a significant risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).

This study had three aims: to systematically investigate the association between bullying and NSSI, to analyze the possible mechanisms underlying the two phenomena, and to evaluate any differences between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration with respect to NSSI.

A systematic search about the association between bullying victimization and perpetration and NSSI was conducted using specific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct). The following keywords were used in all database searches: “bullying” AND “NSSI” OR “peer victimization” and NSSI.

The searches in PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct revealed a total of 88 articles about bullying or peer victimization and NSSI. However, only 29 met our inclusion criteria and were used for the present review. Overall, all studies examined victimization; 4 studies also evaluated the effects of perpetration and 1 included bully-victims. According to the main findings, both being a victim of bullying and perpetrating bullying may increase the risk of adverse psychological outcomes in terms of NSSI and suicidality in the short and the long run.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to systematically evaluate the relation between bullying victimization/perpetration and NSSI. The main results support a positive association. Future research should evaluate the possible role of specific mediators/moderators of the association between experience of bullying and NSSI.

No significant relationships.

Evaluate the different kinds of DPR described in the literature and propose an abduction-based model of the Servant DPR, in which patients are protagonists in their treatment.

Pubmed literature review of the last forty years with the keyword ‘physician-patient relations’.

While nursing care advanced in its professional efficacy through Watson's human care and through the leader servant model, the DPR models demonstrated that the doctors are lost in their posture, even feeling as abused heroes. Models that include the patient in decision-making and that value the patient as a person (PCC) promise a revolution in the medical realm. Nevertheless, the PCC model is not enough to heal the DPR itself, because the role of the doctor must be changed to adapt to the relationship, otherwise, the PCC by itself can increase the burden upon the doctor. Doctors with a role of remunerated servant (not slave), like any other professional who delivers a service with excellence, focusing in the main actor, the patient, can heal the DPR.

The Servant DPR gives a positive counter transference, increasing the doctor's motivation and giving him back the sense of purpose in medicine, increasing the health system's effectiveness.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Parental self-efficacy indicates how effectively parents can manage their parenting responsibility and acts as a predictor of the behavioral and emotional adjustments of children.

Current study was conducted to examine the influencing factors on parental self-efficacy of 2–6 year old children's mothers.

The present study is a descriptive-post hoc study. 350 mothers were selected from 15 kindergartens of 3 area of Tehran, by multistage sampling method. They completed Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1986), Parental Bonding Questionnaire (Parker et al., 1983), Parenting stress Index (Abiding, 1995), Sources of Social support scale (Koeske & Koeske, 2002), Maternal efficacy Questionnaire (Teti & Gelfand, 1991) and Preschool Behavior Checklist (McGuire & Richman, 1986). Stepwise regression analysis showed that parenting stress, children behavioral problems, mother's self-esteem and parental distress subscale from parenting stress index, in four steps, could explain 32% of variance in maternal self-efficacy.

Parental stress, children's behavioral problems and mother's self esteem are important factors in maternal self-efficacy. Therefore, interventions regarding mentioned factors, can enhance maternal self-efficacy and prevent maladjustments related to mothers and children.

Earlier studies examining structural brain abnormalities associated with cognitively derived subgroups were mainly cross-sectional in design and had mixed findings. Thus, we obtained cross-sectional and longitudinal data to characterize the extent and trajectory of brain structure abnormalities underlying distinct cognitive subtypes (“preserved,” “deteriorated,” and “compromised”) seen in psychotic spectrum disorders.

Data from 364 subjects (225 patients with psychotic conditions and 139 healthy controls) were first used to determine the relationship of cognitive subtypes with cross-sectional measures of subcortical volume and cortical thickness. To probe neurodevelopmental abnormalities, brain structure laterality was examined. To examine whether neuroprogressive abnormalities persist, longitudinal brain structural changes over 5 years were examined within a subset of 101 subjects. Subsequent discriminant analysis using the identified brain measures was performed on an independent subject group.

Cross-sectional comparisons showed that cortical thinning and limbic volume reductions were most widespread in “deteriorated” cognitive subtype. Laterality comparisons showed more rightward amygdala lateralization in “compromised” than “preserved” subtype. Longitudinal comparisons revealed progressive hippocampal shrinkage in “deteriorated” compared with healthy controls and “preserved” subtype, which correlated with worse negative symptoms, cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Post-hoc discrimination analysis on an independent group of 52 subjects using the identified brain structures found an overall accuracy of 71% for classification of cognitive subtypes.

These findings point toward distinct extent and trajectory of corticolimbic abnormalities associated with cognitive subtypes in psychosis, which can allow further understanding of the biological course of cognitive functioning over illness course and with treatment.

Jumping to conclusions (JTC) is a reasoning bias where individuals make hasty decisions based on insufficient data. It is commonly observed among patients with delusions and is a risk factor for developing delusions. Several task paradigms have been developed to test JTC, but their convergence in measuring JTC remains unexplored.

This is a pilot test to examine the consistencies between three JTC tasks with a student sample. The relationships between JTC and cognitive abilities were also explored.

Forty-six university students completed the Beads Task, Fish Task and Box Task, as well as assessment of memory, intellectual functioning, executive function, impulsivity and need for closure.

There was a moderate correlation between the beads task and fish task on various measures of JTC (draws to decision [DTD], r=.50, p<.01; confidence, r=.47, p<.01; dichotomous JTC bias, ×2=16.14, p<.001). There was a mild correlation between DTD on the fish task and box task (r=.30, p<.05). General intelligence was associated with DTD and JTC bias (but not confidence) on the beads and fish tasks. Confidence in decision was associated with a higher level of impulsivity and a lower level of set-shifting ability.

Despite differences in materials and design of the three probability-based tasks, results of JTC measured by the beads task and box task were individually consistent with the fish task, and were not correlated between the two. The data-gathering process and the confidence in decision are associated with different cognitive abilities. Further study including a clinical sample is needed.

Video games are among the most popular leisure time activities. While majority of gamers play in a healthy manner, a minority shows gaming disorder (GD) symptoms and experiences detrimenting effects in their lives. Even though gaming time is moderately associated with gaming disorder symtoms, research suggests that it is not a reliable predictor by itself.

The aim of the present study is to explore whether depression symptoms, self-esteem, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and escapism (when gaming is motivated by the avoidance of everyday problems) moderate the association between gaming time and GD symptoms and whether this is different for boys and girls.

Data was collected from a representative sample of 5th grade students of public education institutions in Budapest. Sample selection was carried out by one-step sampling stratified for school type, district, and maintainer; the sampling unit was the class. Data from 2126 students were analyzed (49.3% male, mean age 10.7 years, SD=0.54).

Depression symptoms moderated the association between gaming time and GD symtoms in both genders. For those with higher depression symptoms the aforementioned association was stronger. Furthermore, self-esteem had a moderator effect only among girls, while escapism motivation and ADHD only among boys. In these cases, the association between gaming time and GD symptoms was stronger among those with lower self-esteem, and higher ADHD and escapism scores.

Results suggest that gaming time is more strongly connected to GD symptoms in certain conditions, but its predictive value is limited even in those cases.

Funding statement: This study was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (KKP126835). Orsolya Király was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by the ÚNKP-21-5

Parenting behaviors and discipline play a critical role in children's socialization and self regulation skills.

To investigate whether parental practices, especially punitive discipline, are associated with adolescents’ bullying behavior at school.

This is a community based sample with 247 adolescents from five public schools, between 10 and 15 years of age. Bullying was measured by a self-administered instrument Brazilian modified version of the Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire. The Dimensions of Discipline Inventory Parental - Child Report measured parental practices. Parental practices were analyzed using two main subtypes: power assertive/punitive (psychological aggression, corporal punishment, deprivation of privileges, and penalty tasks) and inductive (explaining, rewarding and monitoring). Associations between parental practices and bullying were controlled for potential confounders such as age, sex, and whether the parental figure was biological in a logistic regression analysis.

Power assertive/punitive practices by either mother or father were significantly associated with bullying behavior by their children. Mothers who most used power assertion and punishment as discipline were 4.36 (CI95%: 1.87–10.16; p < .001) times more likely of having a child who bullies others at school. Inductive discipline was not overall associated with bullying (p > .05). Examining each specific parental method within power assertive/punitive discipline scale, mild forms of corporal punishment, such spanking, and psychological aggression either by mother or father, had the more consistent associations.

The results underscore the potential and promising importance of advising parents about appropriate discipline strategies in order to prevent bullying perpetration at school.

The prevalence of alcohol abuse increased over 10% in the last decade, with special impact in women. It is not known how the characteristics of suicide attempts vary with different forms of alcohol involvement. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of alcohol use disorder and acute alcohol consumption in suicide attempts.

Perform a brief literature review on the alcohol use disorders and suicide behaviours in those patients.

A PubMed database review, with 'alcoholism” and 'suicide attempts” as keywords.

Alcohol abuse and suicide may be intimately linked. This association is related to impulsivity, aggression, social norm transgression, poor judgment, abnormal speech, perceptual blunting and increased pain threshold, which may all contribute to the suicide attempt. Moreover, mental disorders (particularly depression) are often associated with suicide. The lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts in patients with alcohol dependence is about 40% and mortality for suicide is 7%. Thus, patients with alcohol abuse should be screened for psychiatric symptoms and suicidality. Clinicians should assess the severity of suicidal symptoms and other depressive signs and symptoms in patients with alcohol abuse.

Suicide attempts are common in patients with alcohol use disorder. Future studies should contribute to a deeper knowledge of these events and respective treatment.