In a recent paper, Pointing (8) described the distribution of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), in Ontario. Since first discovered in the Toronto area in 1925, the insect has become widely dispersed, so that at the present time, it appears in almost continuous distribution wherever red and Scots pines grow in southwestern Ontario. Two main factors are responsible for the rapid spread of the infestations, (a) the chance planting of infested nursery stock, and (b) the natural dispersal tendencies of the species. This, and the succeeding paper of this series, will be concerned with the natural dispersal of the shoot moth; dispersal, as used throughout both papers, describing movement beyond the tree on which the insect hatched from the egg.

Many problems in the management of renewable natural resources are extremum problems: we wish to maximize fish yield from a lake, tree yield from a forest, or minimize insect pest survival, for example. Such problems can be handled better by dynamic programming than classical analysis, because of the large number and the complex nature of constraints imposed on such systems. However, a priori arguments and analysis of biological time series show that such renewable natural resources do not constitute Markov processes, since state changes from t to t + 1 are dependent on the state: at t − 1 as well as the state at t. Therefore, before making a decision about the optimal strategy at t, we must explore the future consequences of the strategy at t + 1 and t + 2. This paper reports computer experiments on strategy evaluation procedures, using dynamic programming and modified dynamic programming with two-stage “look-ahead”. The data used to develop the model came from 60 years of observations on weather conditions and insect pest populations at Magdeburg, Germany. The general conclusion from this work is that the selection of most appropriate strategy for a biological management problem should he determined by the structure of the problem. Sometimes, “one-stage look-ahead” gave the lowest value for the criterion function, and sometimes “two-stage look-ahead” was optimal. The two types of programming always yielded lower cumulative defoliation than the method now used: killing as many pests as feasible whenever “pest” densities are reached.

In the laboratory, females of Typhodromus tiliae Oudms., T.(N.) rhenanus Oudms., T. finlandicus Oudms., T. fallacis (Garm.), T. corticis Herb., and Phytoseius macropilis (Oudms.) were given various stages of the phytophagous mites Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Bryobia arborea M. & A., and Tetranychus telarius (L.), and Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.) to determine their ranges of feeding. The influence of these prey species on growth of phytoseiids and their ability to oviposit was not determined.

The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), has the broadest host range of the clearwing moths and is considered to be an economically important pest of many ornamental, fruit, and nut trees. Since the 1980s, dogwood borer has been recognized as an increasingly important, indirect pest of apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), in eastern North America, owing mainly to increased plantings of apple on size-controlling rootstocks that promote the formation of adventitious root initials (burr knots) on the rootstock and scion. Burr knots appear to be preferred oviposition sites for dogwood borer females, although infestations can also be initiated in wounds, pruning cuts, and crotches on the branches and trunk. Larval feeding in burr knots does not adversely affect the growth and vigor of apple trees, but their mining outward from burr knots into vascular tissue can ultimately cause tree decline and death. Chlorpyrifos is the most effective insecticide for controlling dogwood borer. A supplemental label in the United States permits post-bloom, trunk drench applications of chlorpyrifos specifically for control of borers in apple, with several restrictions that preclude control of infestations higher in the tree. The ongoing review of pesticide tolerances dictated by the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act of the United States of America makes the long-term availability of this chemical uncertain. Cultural practices, such as deeper planting or berming, can reduce the likelihood of infestation of new apple plantings by dogwood borer, although they do not preclude infestations from developing above the graft union. This review and discussion is based on our contention that research toward the development of alternative, behaviorally based management strategies for dogwood borer in apple and other economically important host plants is warranted. Our review and synthesis of the dogwood borer literature revealed important gaps in knowledge about basic aspects of its biology that pertain directly to the development of alternative control tactics based on behavioral manipulation. There is considerable confusion surrounding the sex pheromone of dogwood borer and conflicting results on the response of males to isomers and blends of isomers of its purported pheromone. Studies using sex attractants to monitor its phenology in apple and non-apple habitats have yielded discrepant results and conclusions. Differences in the effectiveness of commercially available pheromone lures for trapping dogwood borer have been reported and the ability of pheromone traps to accurately reflect emergence or population density remains in question. Regardless of pronounced differences in the duration and modality of the seasonal flight of dogwood borer among different geographical regions within its range, the conclusion of univoltinism across most of its range has been perpetuated, based on extremely limited developmental data collected exclusively from individuals that developed on dogwood.

The Eleticinae are an archaic and in many respects primitive group of Meloidae found in South America (widespread), Africa (south of the Sahara Desert), and the Oriental Region (India to Thailand). They are, in general, poorly represented in collections, and very little is known definitely of their bionomics. On the basis of an analysis of adult anatomical characters the subfamily is defined in detail and is classified to the generic level in the present paper. Two tribes, seven subtribes, and 10 genera are recognized, keyed, and diagnosed. The tribe Spasticini is arranged as follows: Protomeloina Abdullah, transferred from the Meloinae and reduced to subtribal rank, with Protomeloe Abdullah; Spasticina Kaszab with Spastica Lacordaire; Xenospastina, new subtribe, with Xenospasta, new genus; and Anthicoxenina, new subtribe, with Anthicoxenus Fairmaire and Germain, formerly placed in the Anthicidae, and Iselma Haag-Rutenberg. The arrangement of the tribe Eleticini is: Eospastina, new subtribe, with Eospasta, new genus, and Serrospasta, new genus; Eleticina Wellman with Eletica Lacordaire (and including, as subgenera, Sibuteletica Pic, Meteletica Kaszab, and Proeletica Kaszab); and Ertlianina, new name for Ertliini Kaszab, with Ertliana Selander (= Steniselma Borchmann, new synonymy) and Ceriselma Borchmann, the latter elevated from subgeneric rank in Iselma. Species described as new are Protomeloe simplex (Argentina), Spastica minas (Brazil), Xenospasta flava (Colombia), and Serrospasta vittata (Colombia).

Even though Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica Linnaeus, Rubiaceae) can self-pollinate, bees are important pollinators, without which there is lower fruit quality and yield. We studied bee diversity in coffee agroecosystems in Costa Rica during two coffee flowering seasons (2005 and 2006). Malaise traps were used as a passive sampling method to collect bees during coffee blooms. We collected 1012 bee individuals from three different site types: nonagricultural fields and shaded and unshaded coffee farms. Unshaded coffee farms had significantly higher species richness (S) and number of bee individuals (n) than did the shaded coffee farms and nonagricultural sites. Overall bee diversity did not differ among site types but evenness (J′) was significantly lower in unshaded coffee farms. Using a more detailed community analysis, there was a significant association between functional groups and habitat type with more species and individuals of small-bodied ground-nesting bees (Lasioglossum (Dialictus) Robertson) associated with unshaded coffee farms. A large proportion (49%) of bees collected were of this subgenus, which was never before reported as common in coffee agroecosystems. Further studies should establish whether Dialictus is important in coffee pollination. We propose strategies involving conservation of native bees through simple habitat management for small-scale coffee farms that may improve crop quality and quantity.

In field and laboratory tests the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), oviposited and developed on all 43 accessions of 17 species of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, Triticum L. spp. Ancestral diploid wild wheats had the lowest infestations among species in the genus, and two hexaploid species, Triticum sphaerococcum Percival and Triticum zhukovskyi Men. and Er., were more heavily infested than common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. In five lineages recognized in the genus, infestation increased in association with domestication, although not always in a continuous way. The level of infestation was not related to seed size or the number of seeds in spikes. Wheat species with free-threshing seeds and compact spikes were more infested by larvae than ancestral wheat species with less compact spikes and glumes that were either affixed to or pressed tightly against the seed. An association between glume tightness and spike compactness may explain the positive correlation between susceptibility and spike compactness. Domestication increased the susceptibility of crop wheats to wheat midge, possibly because the free-threshing trait affects the suitability of the glume–seed interface for oviposition and establishment of larvae on the seeds. The ancestral cultivated wheats, Triticum spelta L. and Triticum dicoccoides Körn., are promising sources of resistance to wheat midge because they have the same genomes as modern wheats and relatively low susceptibility. One free-threshing accession of Triticum dicoccum Schrank had relatively low susceptibility to wheat midge and may provide a source of resistance.

The genera Leptohyphes Eaton and Tricorythodes Ulmer are confined to the New World, and the Nearctic limits of Leptohyphes has been extended from Texas to Maryland and Utah. Useful nymphal characters are presented for both genera, and descriptions and figures are included for 22 new species of Leptohyphes Eaton, and 7 new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer.

Northern and southern specimens of the fall webworm in eastern North America exhibit color differences in both the adult and larval stages, and have often been referred to Hyphantria textor Harris and H. cunea Drury, respectively. However, they will readily inter-breed and produce viable offspring; differences in wing maculation are not discrete and genitalic differences have not been found; differences in the degree of larval pigmentation are not discrete and depend largely on environmental factors; and the nesting and feeding behaviors are similar. It is therefore concluded that the common webworm (larvae with the head and dorsal tubercles black) in both north and south should be referred to H. cunea, which has priority. A sibling species or race (lighter heads and tubercles and different nesting and feeding habits) occurs sympatrically with cunea in the south and also, rarely, in the north; if it has specific status it cannot be referred to either cunea or textor; so textor is relegated to synonymy.

Eighteen species are listed of which eight are described as new. Most of these species were collected in the more southerly parts of the Canadian Arctic, but two species were collected at Lake Hazen which is situated in the extreme northeastern portion of Ellesmere Island. The majority of the species belong to well known Holarctic genera. Characteristically Palaearctic groups are represented by five species, but exclusively Nearctic groups are represented by a single species. The most conspicuous biological feature is the apparent reversal of the switch mechanism governing the production of sexuales since, in spite of the excessively long photoperiod, oviparae are common.

A trap to detect beetles in stored grain is described and compared with earlier versions and other sampling devices. Being escape-proof the trap can be left in grain for long periods thus increasing its reliability. It is strongly constructed of rust-proof materials to withstand field use. It is economical, light, compact, and simple to use in the field or laboratory. Preliminary trials show that it is highly effective as an insect detector and trap.

A group of subarboreal tropical beetles, the Xystosomi of subtribe Xystosomina new subtribe, is revised and reclassified based on a reevaluation of structural characters. Xystosomi are found in tropical Australia (Queensland) and tropical/subtropical America (Guerrero, México, to Aguas Blancas, Argentina). The largest concentration of species occurs near the equator in the Amazon Basin, but a significant radiation of flightless forms was recently discovered in the northern Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Xystosomina also includes the Mioptachyi, which at present is composed of the genera Mioptachys and Inpa.Seventy-six species of Neotropical and Australian Xystosomi are described or re-described, illustrated, or keyed. This assemblage includes 12 classic species, 24 species described in the last 3 decades, and 40 new species, a 6-fold increase since the time of Henry Walter Bates, the last 19th-century entomologist to study this remarkable lineage of carabid beetles. The Xystosomi are now arrayed in five genera: Philipis gen.nov. (type: Tachys trunci Darlington, Australia), Geballusa gen.nov. (type: Xystosomus microtretus Erwin, Costa Rica), Gouleta gen.nov. (type: Bembidion cayennense Dejean, Brazil), Batesiana gen.nov. (type: Xystosomus gruti Bates, Brazil), and Xystosomus Schaum (type: Xystosomus inflatus Schaum, Brazil).The following specific taxa are described as new (type-locality in parentheses): Geballusa rex (Brazil: 06°02′N 050°17′W), oligotreta (Panamá: 08°40′N 079°56′W), nannotreta (Brazil: 02°54′S 059°57′W), Gouleta gentryi (Perú: 12°50′S 069°20′W), Batesiana para (Brazil: 01°22′S 048°20′W), angustia (Perú: 05°08′S 074°45′W), samiria (Perú: 05°08′S 074°45′W), esheje (Perú: 05°08′S 074°45′W), crassa (Perú: 03°15′S 072°55′W), notesheje (Perú: 03°15′S 072°55′W), manusculptilis (Perú: 12°07′S 070°58′W), parapara (Brazil: 02°28′S 046°26′W), am (Perú: 05°08′S 074°45′W), indetecticostis (Ecuador: 00°57′S 077°48′W), nox (Ecuador: 00°57′S 077°48′W), parkeri (Perú: 03°15′S 072°55′W), hamatilis (Ecuador: 01°02′S 077°40′W), notparkeri (Colombia: 00°08′N 075°51′W), pfunorum (Perú: 03°15′S 072°55′W), quadrata (Perú: 03°15′S 072°55′W), protosculptilis (Perú: 12°50′S 069°20′W), misahualli (Ecuador: 01°02′S 077°40′W), depressisculptilis (Ecuador: 01°02′S 077°40′W), irisculptilis (Ecuador: 00°24′S 076°37′W), foveosculptilis (Brazil: 02°28′S 046°26′W), punctisculptilis (Perú: 03°15′S 072°55′W), eugeneae (Perú: 11°56′47″S 071°17′00″W), anchicaya (Colombia: 03°43′N 076°57′W), jefe (Panamá: 09°12′N 079°21′W), exigupunctata (Perú: 05°08′S 074°45′W), rosebudae (Ecuador: 00°57′S 077°48′W), equanegrei (Ecuador: 00°57′S 077°48′W), henryi (Ecuador: 00°28′S 077°53′W), baeza (Ecuador: 00°57′S 077°48′W), huacamayas (Ecuador: 00°28′S 077°53′W), dannyi (Ecuador: 00°57′S 077°48′W), alticola (Colombia: 04°21′S 074°22′W), jacupiranga (Brazil: 24°42′S 048°00′W), chiriboga (Ecuador: 00°15′S 078°44′W), wygo (Colombia: 04°53′N 074°31′W).The following names are resurrected from synonymy for good species: hilaris Bates and belti Bates. Several name combinations were changed as a result of the generic reorganization: Philipis trunci (Darlington), Geballusa microtreta (Erwin), G. polytreta (Erwin), Gouleta notiophiloides (Erwin), G. spangleri (Erwin), G. cayennense (Dejean), Batesiana bisulcifrons (Erwin), B. negrei (Erwin), B. hilaris (Bates), B. belti (Bates), B. ampliata (Bates), B. strigosa (Bates), B. gruti (Bates), B. nigripalpis (Erwin), B. villiersi (Perrault), B. apicisulcata (Erwin), B. iris (Erwin), B. sculpticollis (Bates), B. sulcicostis (Bates), B. anterocostis (Erwin), B. ovatula (Bates), B. grossipunctata (Erwin), B. batesi (Erwin), B. seriata (Erwin), B. sublaevis (Bates), B. aetholia (Erwin), B. parainsularis (Erwin), NEW COMBINATIONS.Results of the Xystosomi character analysis provided impetus for a reanalysis of the classification of the major lineages of the more inclusive group, Bembidiini, to discover where the Xystosomi might belong and, in turn, if our understanding of the Bembidiini itself needed adjustment. These results are implied in Part I, but presented in detail in a separate paper, Part II. Phylogeny and Zoogeography, along with supplemental taxonomic information.

The temporal pattern of emergence of Anax junius Drury was studied by making standardized exuvial collections in a farm pond near Montreal. Supports available to emerging larvae were restricted artificially in order to standardize the collecting area. Emergence lasted for 30 days (29 July to 27 August 1965), the peak lying between days 10 and 15; A. junius thus behaved as a “summer species” (sensu Corbet 1954). The emerging population comprised about 48% males. No adults were seen flying over the pond except during the maiden flight.

Larvae of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were unable to moult and died after ingesting colloidal silica with their food. Field trials showed that dry silica can be used to reduce populations of L. decemlineata on potato.

Fenvalerate resistance was monitored in Psylla pyricola Foerster populations at 51 sites in Washington, Oregon, California, and British Columbia during early 1988. Resistance levels ranged from susceptible in an organic orchard in the Willamette Valley, OR, and at several other sites in Oregon and California, to highly resistant (> 100-fold compared with a susceptible strain) at several sites in central Washington. Generally, resistance levels were greater in the north than the south. In the Wenatchee and Yakima/Ellensburg, WA, areas, pyrethroid resistance was areawide, showing similar levels in both heavily treated and untreated orchards. In the Willamette Valley, OR, pyrethroid resistance was local and more consistent with the treatment histories of individual orchards. Factors influencing regional resistance appeared to be the species pool size of resistant and susceptible pear psylla, the intensity of spraying, and the unique host plant, life cycle, and dispersal attributes of this pest. Reasons for high regional resistance in central Washington and not in southerly areas are unknown, but this pattern is consistent with earlier patterns of insecticide resistance in pear psylla. The observed trends in fenvalerate resistance are discussed in relation to limiting resistance in pear psylla.

Entomologists traditionally use the Jolly–Seber analytical method (JSAM) to estimate demographic parameters from capture–mark–recapture data, although more powerful approaches like the constrained linear models (CLM) have been developed and are commonly and successfully applied to vertebrates. Demographic parameters (i.e., survival, capture, and recruitment rates, population size, and sex ratio) of a patchy population of the Bog Fritillary butterfly, Proclossiana eunomia (Esp.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), were estimated using CLM on the basis of daily captures of imagoes during 11 yearly generations (1992–2002). Comparing these results with JSAM results obtained on the same data lead us to stress that CLM are far more powerful tools which allow for optimal exploitation of capture–mark–recapture data. This method allows the identification of the variation patterns of demographic parameters and to link them to life-history traits; furthermore it gives more precise estimates of these crucial input parameters for the modelling of population trends and population viability analysis.

Agathis pumila (Ratzeburg) is a host-specific univoltine solitary internal braconid parasite attacking the first- and second-instar larvae of the larch case-bearer. Descriptions and illustrations of all developmental stages are given. The adults mated in the laboratory when 1-day-old females were exposed to 5-day-old males. The reproductive system of the female is discussed. The inherent fecundity is over 300 eggs and in tests at 75°F the average number of eggs laid per female was 139.8. Average longevity is 22.0 days. The average number of hosts destroyed with the ovipositor was 15.2 per female. The incubation period of the parasite’s egg was 7 days at 77°F. The attack pattern of A. pumila is described. In finding hosts the parasite was guided by chemotaxis and vibrotaxis. Longevity of honey-fed A. pumila females, without hosts, at constant temperatures ranging from 50° to 95°F was, on the average, highest at 60°F (45.6 days) and lowest at 95°F (10.6 days). Superparasitism occurs in the field and laboratory.

The most important predators found with broods of Ips pini (Say) and Ips perroti Sw. belong to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Acarina.

Among the Coleoptera, Enoclerus sphegeus Fab. was the most aggressive and responsible for the greatest predation. The small clerid, Thanasimus undulatus Say, was present in the area but rarely encountered. Dipterous predators included Loachea corticis Taylor, Oscinella sp. nr. magnipalpus Beck. and Medeterus modestus Van Duzee. A hemipterous egg predator, Anthocoris musculus Fall. was found occasionally within the main Ips galleries.

Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were the only sugars detected in inner bark treated with a southern pine beetle–microorganism complex and two beetle-associated fungi. Treatments drastically lowered the reducing-sugar level. Storage of untreated bolts had no effect on reducing-sugar level; sucrose was lowered but not as much as in treated tissue. Starch content remained unchanged in all treatments.

Imidacloprid-treated spheres and several classes of insecticides were evaluated in field and laboratory experiments to determine their effects on Rhagoletis mendax Curran adult behavioural activity and larval infestation in highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae). In field tests, three treatments representing an attract-and-kill system (imidacloprid-treated spheres) and two classes of insecticides, including a naturalyte spinosad (SpinTor 2 SC) and organophosphates (Imidan®/Malathion), were evaluated against an untreated control. Significantly more blueberry maggot puparia were collected from untreated (control) plots than from other treatments evaluated. There were no significant differences in larval infestation of berries collected from plots treated with imidacloprid-treated spheres, SpinTor 2 SC, and Imidan®/Malathion. Less than 1% of the berries collected from imidacloprid-treated sphere plots and SpinTor 2 SC treated plots contained blueberry maggot larvae. In toxicity and fruit-injury studies, SpinTor 2 SC as well as additional compounds from various classes were evaluated, including a botanical [azadiractin (Ecozin 3%)], a particle film [kaolin clay (SurroundTM WP)], and three neonicotinoids [imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F), thiocloprid (Calypso 480 SC), and thiamethoxam (PlatinumTM 2 SC and ActaraTM 25 WG)]. SpinTor 2 SC exhibited a time lag (18 h) in reducing R. mendax activity. Ecozin 3% and SurroundTM WP were ineffective in suppressing R. mendax adult activity, but numbers of larvae in SurroundTM WP treated fruit were significantly reduced. The effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides varied initially but resulted in equivalent levels of mortality after 48 h compared with our conventional organophosphate treatment of Guthion 50 WP. Oviposition scars on Provado 1.6 F treated plots were significantly more numerous than on plots treated with SpinTor 2 SC, Calypso 480 SC, Actara 25 WG, and Guthion 50 WP.