Females of Diplolepis rosae introduce their ovipositors between the developing leaflets of an expanding bud of Rosa and attach their eggs singly to epidermal cells. The anatomy of the ovipositor is described in relation to the oviposition behavior. SEM and optical microscopic observations of the ovipositor are described, as are the relationships between the sheath and the 2 stylets. Changes in the shape of the eggs as they pass down the ovipositor are also described.

For more than a decade the sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., has been a serious defoliator of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., in the Province of Quebec. In 1955 an intensive research program involving several research officers was initiated at the Forest Biology Laboratory, Quebec, to study the insect. Investigations began near the centre of the infestation at the headwaters of the Gatineau River (47° 55′N., 75° 25′W.). The project dealing with the parasites became the responsibility of the author and constituted approximately 25 pcr cent of the total investigations. Integrated with this project were studies on population dynamics, effect of defoliation on jack pine, and predators of the sawfly with emphasis on the small mammals. The primary object of the parasite studies was to concentrate on the life cycles and descriptions of the immature stages and to publish on each species as sufficient information was obtained. Ultimately, it is planned to publish jointly with other members of the team on the role of parasites in the overall mortality complex of Neodiprion swainei.

Film records of cutworms feeding on cabbage showed that in sampling and continuous feeding, the mandibles, maxillary palps, galeae, labial palps, and labrum contacted the leaf. Sampling involves palpation with the maxillary palps; this is followed by test biting, during which the galeae, labrum, and labial palps make initial contact with the plant. Test biting may be followed by continuous feeding in which all of the mouthparts contact the leaf in characteristic patterns. The actions of the mouthparts are discussed in relation to the function of their chemosensilla.

Sticky traps caught large numbers of mites that adhere tightly or ride in protected places on attacking southern pine beetles and retrieved some of the mites that are loosely attached. Of the 2539 beetles surveyed, only 39.6% carried mites. Seven species of phoretic mites were found; the two most common, Tarsonemus krantzi and Trichouropoda australis, showed no preference for either beetle sex but preferred to ride on specific parts of the body.

In New Jersey, Typhlodromus pomi (Parrott) was the only predacious phytoseiid mite on most non-sprayed apple and deciduous trees. It also became the most numerous phytoseiid mite recolonizing apple trees a year after toxic spray residues had dissipated. Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) was the first phytoseiid mite collected from apple trees following cessation of toxic sprays and was usually abundant at the time of large red mite populations; later, an influx of several different species occurred. A. fallacis was the most common phytoseiid mite on low growing plants and was able to tolerate higher residues of toxic materials than other species. Other phytoseiids taken from sprayed apple trees in order of abundance included A. driggeri n. sp., A. amicus (Chant), T. longipilus Nesbitt, T. conspicuus (Garman), T. mexicanus (Garman), T. caudiglans Schuster, and A. pepperi sp. n. Species other than T. pomi found on non-sprayed apple trees were A. finlandicus (Oudemans), T. longipilus, T. caudiglans, and T. conspicuus. None of these species was entirely confined to apple. Five other species were collected that were not found on apple: T. flumenis Chant, T. pyri Scheuten, A. elongatus (Garman), A. okanagensis (Chant), and A. picketti sp. n. Three species collected from greenhouse plants in association with tetranychid mites were: A. fallacis, T. longipilus, and A. picketti.

Three new species of Amblyseius are described. Two undescribed males and the spermathecae of the females are illustrated.

In Eastern Canada four species of aphids, Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashm.), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Aulacorthum solani (Kltb.), and Aphis abbreviata Patch infest potatoes. Since 1953 it has been possible to rear the four species in the greenhouse throughout the year (MacGillivray, 1955).

The life-histories of these species have been discussed by Patch (1925). The asexual phase of M. persicae has been studied by Horsfall (1924), Weed (1927), Bonnemaison (1951), and Sylvester (1954), and that of M. solanifolii by Smith (1919).

The influence of defoliation type (artificial versus natural), timing (early versus late), and intensity (25%, 50%, and 75% of needle mass removed) on leader growth of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (Linnaeus), was assessed for 2 years after treatment on an even-aged stand located in southeastern Finland. Trees were defoliated simultaneously, either artificially with a pair of scissors or naturally with larvae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) and Diprion pini (Linnaeus) for the early- and late-season treatments, respectively. After 1 year, early-season artificial defoliation generally caused greater growth reduction than natural defoliation. Late-season defoliation yielded opposite results. Trees defoliated artificially in early-season treatments were significantly shorter than control trees irrespective of defoliation intensity, whereas those defoliated late in the season did not differ from controls, except at the highest intensity. Trees defoliated by sawflies, either early or late in the season, were significantly shorter than control trees only at the highest defoliation intensity. The pattern of growth loss in the second year appeared similar to that in the first year. The impact of defoliation was either prolonged neutral or negative, as no compensatory responses on height growth in Scots pine were observed. Timing of the treatment in relation to completion of leader growth, differences in defoliation types, alteration of the photosynthetic capacity due to biomass loss, and the functional role of plant parts defoliated may explain the results observed.

Parasitized cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), produced fewer offspring than unparasitized aphids. Aphids parasitized by Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) during the first, second, or third instar died before producing any offspring; those parasitized during the fourth instar or the adult stage produced a variable number of offspring. The aphid's survival time was correlated with the rate of development, as measured by the length of the pre-reproductive period. A multiple-linear-regression equation is provided for predicting the mean total fecundity of parasitized cabbage aphids from the host age at the beginning of parasitism and the pre-reproductive period.

A trap that excludes grain kernels but permits the entry of grain beetles and mites is described. It may be used as a sampling device to detect insect infestations in stored grain. Sampling may be done with little disturbance to the surrounding grain and since the insects cannot escape, the trap can be left in position for prolonged periods.

This paper has been extracted mainly from the manuscript of a revision of the tortricid subfamily Archipinae, to make available a scientific name for an injurious, undescribed Choristoneura species that feeds in the larval stage upon pines, particularly jack pine, Pinkus banksiana Lamb., and red pine, P. resinosa Ait. This insect and the closely allied Choristorneura fumiferana Clem. are compared under the following topics: taxonomic history, maculation, morphology, and distribution. References are cited only if they contain information of taxonomic significance; the vast amount of economic literature dealing with these species has been omitted. This paper is followed by a comparative study of the larvae of the two species by Miss M. MacKay, by one by Miss C. E. Cox on the mathematical significance of the anatomical differences in the larvae and adults of both species, by a discussion of some of the parasites of the pine species by G. S. Walley, and by a discussion by S. G. Smith of the isolating mechanisms aperating between the two species.

An olfactometer is described for determining the responses of individual pedestrian beetles to attractants. The main features are a covered runway, a general air flow containing a well-defined narrow odor stream, and an on–off control of odor flow.

Females of Spalangia cameroni Perk, use the ovipositor to differentiate between unparasitized and parasitized housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupae; and prefer to lay on unparasitized hosts instead of those attacked by S. cameroni, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.), or Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The intensities of oviposition restraint on the three kinds of attacked hosts are similar. Changes in parasitized pupae to which the female parasites react probably involve "venoms" injected by each species during oviposition.

The ambrosia fungus of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) was identified as Ambrosiella hartigii Batra and was the only fungus carried in the beetle's mycangium. This fungus and up to three species of Fusarium were isolated from walls of the beetle's galleries.

The armyworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus; Malvaceae), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus; Solanaceae), and vegetables. Frequent application of various insecticides applied for its control has resulted in the development of a multiple resistance against commonly used insecticides. In the current study, field populations of S. litura were monitored in Pakistan for their susceptibility to diverse chemical classes, namely insect growth regulators (chlorfluazuron, lufenuron, flufenoxuron, triflumuron, methoxyfenozide), diamides (chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide), spinosyns (spinosad, spinetoram), avermectins (abamectin, emamectin benzoate), indoxacarb, and thiocyclam by using a diet overlay bioassay during 2008–2013. Generally, no or a very low resistance was recorded to chlorfluazuron, lufenuron, triflumuron, methoxyfenozide, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, spinosad, spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and thiocyclam. Resistance to flufenoxuron and abamectin was low to moderate in some populations of S. litura. The insecticides, showing no, very low, or low resistance can be used in rotation, along with other integrated pest management practices, to mitigate resistance to conventional as well as new chemistry insecticides in S. litura.

An electroantennogram (EAG) technique, which indicates electrochemical activity in a whole antenna, was used to study sex pheromone reception in spruce budworm moth antennae. For both males and females the EAG exhibited a phasic depolarization, reaching maximum near the end of a puff stimulation, followed immediately by repolarization which was prolonged by increasing amounts as the source concentration of the pheromone was increased. The dose–response curves for both sexes were sigmoid in shape, but they indicated that female antennae have a higher threshold and a lower peak response than that of males. Antennal response changed with age, being a regular increase and decrease for females and irregular for males.

Previous identifications in North America of Trichomalus perfectus (Walker, 1835) and Mesopolobus morys (Walker, 1848) (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae), the principal chalcid parasitoids of the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus Marsham, 1802) in Europe, are shown to be misidentifications of Trichomalus lucidus (Walker, 1835) and Mesopolobus (Xenocrepis) moryoidessp. nov., respectively. Necremnus duplicatus Gahan, 1941 (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) is synonymized formally under Necremnus tidius (Walker, 1839) syn. nov., confirming a previous, tentative synonymy. Both sexes of N. tidius, M. moryoides, and T. lucidus are illustrated and compared with those of similar species using macrophotography and scanning electron microphotography. Hypotheses are offered to explain why the principal chalcid parasitoids of the cabbage seedpod weevil differ between North America and Europe and how the three treated species came to be in North America.

The synonymy, distribution, host range, and life history of the gregarious larval–pupal parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, is discussed. Laboratory studies of its biology were conducted at 25° ± 2 °C using Musca domestica L. as host. Its developmental stages are described. Under laboratory conditions its life cycle lasted 23–27 days. Parasitoid development accelerated with higher average densities per host. Single standardized hosts produced 3–18 adult parasitoids. Mated females provided with hosts lived 50.4–67.2 h. The average length of the reproductive period and number of hosts parasitized were independent of host density; however, the average number of eggs deposited per host increased at lower host densities. Adult emergence displayed circadian rhythmicity independent of photoperiod over 3+ days.

Three species of Pycnopsyche occur in West Creek, the larvae inhabiting allochthonous organic materials. The rapid growth, and early aestivation and emergence of the rarest species, P. scabripennis (Rambur), diminishes interspecific interactions between larvae. P. gentilis (McLachlan) and P. luculenta (Betten) are contemporaneous and the larvae are similar in size but differ in case materials and habitat preferences. Adult males of each species differ in the peak time of arrival at light when active on the same night. The life history and behaviour patterns are discussed in relation to the coexistence of congeneric species.

Females of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) lay a smaller percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs on house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae previously parasitized by their own species, by Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L., or by Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) than on unparasitized hosts. They respond to changes in the fly pupae associated with death, and in the case of house flies attacked by N. vitripennis, to "venoms" injected at that time or to changes unrelated to death. By not fertilizing eggs that they lay on attacked hosts, the females also conserve sperm, for immature N. vitripennis on previously-attacked fly pupae are usually killed by parasite larvae already present.

Four 10-ha plots located in Kamloops Forest District, British Columbia, containing Douglas-fir trees infested with Douglas-fir tussock moth were aerially sprayed with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Virtuss) in 1982 when most larvae were in the first instar. A dosage of 2.5 × 1011 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per hectare was applied in an emulsifiable oil tank mix to one plot and the same dosage in an aqueous tank mix containing molasses was applied to a second plot. The remaining two plots were treated with dosages of 8.3 × 1010 and 1.6 × 1010 PIB per hectare, respectively, in the oil mix. The treatments were applied with a fixed-wing aircraft fitted with boom and nozzle equipment and calibrated to deliver 9.4 L/ha. A further four plots were selected as checks.

Population reduction at 6 weeks post-spray (calculated using a modified Abbott’s formula) was 65% in the plot receiving the lowest dosage and from 87 to 95% in the remaining three plots. Incidence of virus infection, determined microscopically, peaked at 5–6 weeks post-spray with 85–100% of the larvae scored as positive. Levels of naturally occurring virus remained low in the check plots. Adult emergence from the pupae collected in the treated plots ranged from 4 to 19% and from 28 to 43% in the check plots. Reduction in egg-mass density attributed to the treatments was 97% in one plot, 99% in two others, and not determined for the fourth.

A virus dosage of 8.3 × 1010 PIB per hectare, which is one-third of the previously recommended dosage, is adequate, and either tank mix is acceptable.