The effects of fenoxycarb, ethyl[2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)-ethyl]carbamate, an insect growth regulator with juvenile hormone activity, on reproduction in Ips paraconfusus Lanier were investigated. Topical treatment of either females or both sexes of parent beetles with 50 μg of fenoxycarb per insect resulted in a significant reduction in hatching of eggs and numbers of progeny produced by beetles allowed to infest logs of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws. When pairs of beetles were allowed to attack logs that were surface-treated with fenoxycarb, the effects on reproduction at a dose of 100 μg/cm2 of bark surface were comparable to those of a topical treatment at a dose of 50 μg per insect. However, at doses of 1000 or 10 000 μg/cm2 the adverse effects included reductions in the length of egg galleries, fecundity (number of egg niches), and number of freshly laid eggs. Percentage reductions in progeny were 35.8, 82.5, and 95.7 for doses of 100, 1000, and 10 000 μg/cm2, respectively, if brood beetles were allowed to emerge from the logs. This study indicates that fenoxycarb acts as an effective chemosterilant on I. paraconfusus.

In the Mediterranean Basin, two species of true seed bugs in the genus Orsillus Dallas, O. maculatus Fieber and O. depressus Mulsant et Rey, share the exploitation of seed cones of Cupressaceae for feeding and reproduction and may carry spores of the pathogenic fungus Seiridium cardinale Sutton & Gibson, responsible for the cypress bark canker disease. We compared the life history of the two species. A total of 89 cone collections carried out in 10 Mediterranean countries confirmed that O. maculatus is most closely associated with Cupressus sempervirens L., although it may also infest some other Cupressus L. species and, more rarely, species of Chamaecyparis Spach. Orsillus depressus appears to be less host-specific, being capable of feeding and ovipositing on most of the native and exotic species of Juniperus L., Cupressus, and Chamaecyparis. On C. sempervirens, the abundance of each Orsillus species follows an inverted longitudinal gradient along the Mediterranean Basin, probably corresponding to the pathway of introduction of this tree species from its native eastern range towards western Europe. The dominance of O. maculatus progressively decreases from east to west, whereas O. depressus becomes dominant in the Iberian Peninsula. By contrast, O. depressus is the dominant seed bug on other Cupressaceae all over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In the area in which C. sempervirens has been introducted, both Orsillus species may live on the same tree, but morphological variability of both adults and nymphs often hinders accurate identification of the species. Based on frequency distribution, the relative length of the rostrum compared with that of the body seems to be a diagnostic character for specific identification of nymphs of the last two instars.

The fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), overwinters in the egg stage. In 1969, at Kelowna, B.C., the eggs were not affected by winter temperatures of −32 °C. Eggs began to hatch during the half-inch green stage of apple bud development, and hatching was complete by the pink bud stage. Over 50% of the young larvae fed within developing buds where they were protected from direct contact with insecticides. Adults started to emerge in early June, and peak adult activity occurred during 12 June to 19 June. Only one generation was observed during the year. The first overwintering eggs were laid in early June and egg masses were numerous by the end of June.Diazinon, azinphos-methyl, and Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5,-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) gave seasonal control of the fruit-tree leaf roller when applied at the pink bud stage. Phosalone did not provide satisfactory control. When diazinon or azinphos-methyl was combined with oil, control was not improved and phytotoxicity occurred to the primary leaves of McIntosh and Spartan apple trees. Gardona® sprayed trees developed damaging numbers of the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, by mid-July. None of the other treatments affected cither phytophagous or predaccous mites.

The formulated product of the insect-molting hormone analog, tebufenozide (MIMIC 240LV), and two aqueous formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, ABG6387 and ABG6414, were aerially applied over prethinned commercial stands of balsam fir infested with the eastern hemlock looper. MIMIC® was applied once at the rate of 65.1 g active ingredient (ai) in 1.86 L/ha and twice at the rate of 33.4–35.4 g ai in 1.91–2.02 L/ha. The formulations of B. thuringiensis were applied twice at rates of 19.3–24.1 billion International Units (BIU) in 1.54–1.93 L/ha for ABG6387 and 33.2–36.0 BIU in 1.67–1.80 L/ha for ABG6414.

Nine of the 10 plots treated with the single application of MIMIC showed reductions resulting from treatment, ranging from 3 to 93% within 9–11 days and 8 to 100% after 3 weeks. Plots treated twice with the lower dosage of MIMIC generally had larval population reductions of over 50% within 9–11 days of treatment and over 60% 3 weeks after treatment. For both treatments with MIMIC, plots with poor efficacy were clearly associated with low foliar deposition of the active ingredient. Overall, the results suggest that deposits of tebufenozide of less than 1.5 μg/g foliage do not give acceptable control of hemlock looper. Pupal population reductions resulting from treatment ranged from 8 to 99% for plots treated with the single application and 76 to 100% for plots treated twice at the half-dosage. Ground assessments of defoliation occurring after treatment ranged from 10 to 51% (year-old foliage) and 0 to 16% (current-year foliage) for the plots treated once, and 1 to 33% (year-old foliage) and 0 to 8% (current-year foliage) for the plots treated twice at the half-dosage. Thirty-five to 65% of year-old foliage and 15–39% of current-year foliage was defoliated in untreated check plots.Reductions resulting from treatment by ABG6387 ranged from 27 to 91% 10 days after the first application, from 73 to 99% 8 days after the second application, and from 90 to 100% for pupae. Plots treated with ABG6414 had larval population reductions from 76 to 93% 10 days after the first application and from 98 to 100% 7 days after the second application. No pupae were recovered in the plots treated with ABG6414. Defoliation assessed from ground level was less than 5% in the plots treated with ABG6387 and ABG6414 compared with defoliation of 10–29% of year-old foliage and 8–12% defoliation of current-year foliage in the check plots.

In resistant wheats, although many eggs and early-instar larvae of the wheat stem sawfly die, most of the effect is in the high mortality of late instar larvae as the stems ripen. In oats, which are immune to sawfly damage, most sawfly eggs hatch but all larvae die in the first or second instar.

The amount and distribution of the pith in the stem determines the sawfly resistance of wheat. The stems of all resistant wheats are at least partially solidly filled with pith in the lower three internodes whereas those of susceptible wheats are hollow. Significant sawfly mortality occurs only in the solid part of resistant stems; in the hollow part survival is as high as in susceptible wheats. Shading the growing plants of the resistant bread wheat Rescue reduces its solidness of stem and at the same time its resistance to sawfly.

The 50 known species of North American Clubiona Latreille, 1804 are rearranged in seven species-groups as follows: trivialis group (1 Holarctic, 4 Nearctic), obesa group (11 Nearctic), reclusa group (2 Holarctic, 3 Nearctic), pallidula group (1 Holarctic), abboti group (25 Nearctic), lutescens group (1 Holarctic, 1 Nearctic), maritima group (1 Nearctic). Clubiona quebecana and C. angulata are described as new species from eastern North America. C. kuratai Roddy, 1966, originally described from the female only, is synonymized under C. chippewa Gertsch, 1941, which was originally described from the male only. C. opeongo Edwards, 1958 and C. bishopi Edwards, 1958 are redescribed, the male of the former and the female of the latter not having been previously described.

Several of what may be a lengthy series of bark-beetle pheromones have recently been identified. The availability of these substances will provide new ways to control and manipulate populations. Some of the dangers inherent in the use of such chemicals, without adequate information on the biology, behavior, and genetics of the species to be manipulated, are discussed.

The crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), is a pest of major economic importance on cruciferous crops in Canada. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of insecticides which have been, or currently are used in Ontario, or which might have potential for its control. Twenty of 22 insecticides tested in the laboratory were toxic or moderately toxic by direct contact against adults. Carbofuran was 55 times and eight other insecticides 2.9 to 5.5 times more toxic than endosulfan. Of eight insecticides tested as soil treatments, diazinon, carbofuran, and dieldrin were most toxic to adults. All insecticides were less toxic in organic than in mineral soil. In field studies, concentrations of DDT and dieldrin typical of those found in mineral soils used for crucifer production in Ontario in the late 1960’s reduced crucifer flea beetle damage to radishes. As organochlorine insecticide residues decline a higher percentage of crucifer flea beetle population will survive necessitating greater emphasis on control. Two sprays of parathion, carbaryl, or endosulfan significantly reduced crucifer flea beetle damage to radishes in the early part of the growing season under moderate insect pressure. These control programs were less effective during warmer weather and(or) under severe crucifer flea beetle pressure. Soil applications of terbufos, carbofuran, and oxamyl protected cabbage grown in seed beds from attack. The latter was slightly phytotoxic. Planting–water treatments using azinphosmethyl, diazinon, and oxamyl protected cabbage transplants against early season crucifer flea beetle attack. On late cabbage, fensulfothion, azinphosmethyl, carbaryl, endosulfan, and chlorfenvinphos gave good protection.

Chilled adult codling moths, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), are exposed to a cloud of Day Glo® fluorescent powder as they pass through a rotating screen drum.

Blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, eggs and larvae infesting highbush ’Bluecrop’ and ’Elizabeth’ blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae), were treated with 4–1200 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment reduced the number of immature stages that pupated and the number of adults that emerged from puparia. The lethal dose for 99.9968% mortality (LD 99.9968%) [lower and upper fiducial limits (FL)] estimated by linear regression analysis to stop pupariation was 1486 (1400–1585) Gy, at the 95% confidence level. The LD 99.99968% (lower and upper FL) estimated to stop flies emerging from puparia irradiated as immature stages was 88 (83–93) Gy, at the 95% confidence level as estimated by regression analysis. An estimated 100 762 larvae were killed, with no survivors, by irradiating 853 918 ’Bluecrop’ blueberries in bulk quantities with 71–776 Gy with a commercial irradiator. No flies or parasites emerged from puparia irradiated as larvae with ≥ 71 and > 80 Gy using commercial and research irradiators, respectively. Infestation rate of blueberry maggot larvae in nonirradiated ’Bluecrop’ and ’Elizabeth’ blueberries averaged 11.1 ± 1.2% and 14.3 ± 2.4%, respectively; the range of infestation rate was from 6.3% to 14.8% and 9.8% to 18%, respectively. Parasitism of blueberry maggot larvae by the larval–puparial parasite, Diachasmimorpha (Opius) mellea (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), averaged 10.1 ± 2.4% (range 3–13.3%).

In my investigations of the insects of the Orange tree, I have discovered another curious insect on some branches infested with Scale Insects, and given me by Major A. J. Russell. I at first took them to be Aphides, but on closer examination they proved to belong to Psocus.

The immature stages of five Canadian species of Pero Herrich-Schaeffer are described. These species arc P. bebrensarius Packard, P. bonestarim Walker, P. mizon Ritidge, P. morrisonaius Henry Edwards, and P. occidentalis pnckardi Cassino and Swett. Three colour patterns have been noted in the larvae of P. mizon and P. morrisovarius but only nne in each of P. behreniarius, P. bonestarius and P. occidtmtalis packardi. Brief accounts of the life histories and habits of the species are presented together with a key to the mature larvae.

Caged microplots of “Contender” green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were artificially infested with various densities of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) to determine the effect of feeding on yield and quality, and to establish economic injury levels. Plants infested at bloom or pod set stage were more severely injured than those infested at the flower bud stage. Higher infestation levels reduced crop yield, but the percentage of crude protein in bean seeds was not affected. Based on 1975 crop values and chemical control costs, economic injury levels ranged between 0.3 and 4.4 insects/10 plants depending on crop use, chemical control, and plant stage infested.

Selected insecticides were topically applied to different populations of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). For each insecticide, the hypothesis of equal response curves was rejected by the likelihood ratio test. Even for two successive generations of the same populations, the hypothesis of equality was not accepted for some insecticides. Chemical control programs directed at different populations of this insect may be adversely affected by such variations.

Although the European pine shoot moth is well known as a pest of pines where winters are moderate, particularly in southern Ontario (1, 2, 3, 6), its occurrence in the Province of Quebec has been sporadic and confined chiefly to the more southern regions. There have been occasional reports of this insect in Montreal since 1931 and in Grand' Mère since 1934, but it was not until 1954 that it was discovered in Quebec City. Since that time, however, it has been recorded from several other localities. In 1958, it was found in a nursery at Sayabec, in the Matapedia Valley.

The genus Anatis is reviewed and six species are recognized: ocellata (L.), mali (Say), labiculata (Say), halonis Lewis, rathvoni (Lee.), and lecontei Casey. Relevant illustrations and a key to the species are given. Neotypes for mali and labiculata have been selected.

Since 1947 a blueberry thrips, Frankliniella vaccinii Morgan, has been reported as a common pest of the low-bush blueberry in New Brunswick. In a previous note Wood (1956) described the injury caused by the thrips under the assumption that only one species was involved. During the summer of 1958, however, several specimens of thrips ollected in Charlotte County, N.B. were sent, by request, to L. J. Stannard of the State Natural History Survey Division, Urbana, Illinois, who discovered two species, F. vaccinii and Taeniothrips vaccinophilus Hood, were included. This information was quite surprising and prompted further examination of specimens collected in this area prior to 1958. These specimens were examined by W. R. Richards, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, who reported that both species were present. Specimens collected between 1947 and 1951, however, were all F. vaccinii, those collected in 1951 were about 75 per cent F. vaccinii, and those collected since 1951 were mostly T. vaccinophilus. These records show that T. vaccinophilus, which appeared in or about 1951, has rapidly replaced F. vaccinii as the predominant species infesting blueberry in this area.

Scarcely any two men who have studied the Lycosidæ have interpreted or defined the genera of the family wholly in the same way. The purely relative nature of the characters most frequently used in separating the species into genera leaves room for much diversity in opinion and usage; and, in consequence, it is not surprising to find that genera used without question by one arachnologist are by others unhesitatingly relegated to synonymy.