Eight species are recognized within the New World fauna of the tribe Pogonini: Thalassotrechus barbarae (Horn, 1892), Ochtozetus bicolor (Brullé, 1843), Ochtozetus inexspectatus sp.nov. (type locality: Santa Isabel, Mato Grosso, Brazil), Diplochaetus rutilus (Chevrolat, 1863), Diplochaetus megacephalus sp.nov. (type locality: Bottomless Lakes State Park, New Mexico), Diplochaetus emaciatus Bates, 1891, Diplochaetus planatus (Horn, 1876) [new combination] and Pogonus texanus Chaudoir, 1868. Two names are listed for the first time in synonymy: Pogonus parallelus LeConte, 1874 (= Pogonus lecontei Horn, 1876) with Diplochaetus rutilus (Chevrolat, 1863) and Diplochaetus desertus Van Dyke, 1953 with Diplochaetus emaciatus (Bates, 1891). Lectotypes are selected for Trechus barbarae Horn, 1892, Pogonus emaciatus Bates, 1891 and Pogonus depressus LeConte, 1874. A key to the species, illustrations of the most important characters and distributional maps of most species are included.

Some aspects of the biology of the Tabanidae (e.g., seasonal distribution, relative abundance, habitat preferences, and innate host preferences) which influence the extent to which certain species are found biting various host species are discussed in relation to the tabanid population of the southern portion of Algonquin Park, Ont., Canada. Of the 36 species collected in this study, relatively few were sufficiently abundant to constitute serious pest problems.The analysis of collections of tabanids from carbon dioxide-baited traps placed in different habitat types revealed several patterns of distribution of the Algonquin Tabanidae: ubiquitous, exclusively sylvan, preferentially sylvan, riverine, and riparian species.Lists of the tabanids attracted to or biting man, moose, and white-tailed deer are presented. These lists constitute the first extensive records of the Tabanidae attracted to the Cervidae in the boreal forest region of Canada.The Chrysopinae selected smaller hosts than the Tabaninae and were severe pests of man whereas the Tabaninae were only minor pests of man but severe pests of moose. The tabanids attracted to deer presented a picture which was intermediate between that of man and moose. In addition, a few species of tabanids were unusually common on one or more hosts suggesting that some species may have innate preferences for certain hosts.

We performed a simple field experiment to determine the margin of safety for stream invertebrates for Matacil® 180 Oil Flowable, a candidate insecticide for the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Matacil® 180 Oil Flowable is finely milled aminocarb suspended in summer oil.

The only published records of Chermidae captured in Alberta, which we have been able to find, refer to Psyllia americana Cwfd., Trioza varians Cwfd. both taken at Banff, and Paratrioza cockerelli Sulc., which has been, in recent years, accidentally introduced into the province.

Three species of Chlamydatus Curtis described as new are: artemisiae, auratus and knighti.

Seventeen other species recognized from North America are: arcuatus Kngt., associants (Uhl.), brevicornis Kngt., fulvipes Kngt., manzanitae Kngt., monilipes Van D., montanus Kngt., obliquus (Uhl.), opacus (Zett.), pallidicornis Kngt., pulicarius (Fall.), pullus (Reut.), ruficornis Kngt., schuhi Kngt., suavis (Reut.), uniformis (Uhl.), and wilkinsoni (D. & S.). Chlamydatus opacus (Zett.), is recorded for the first time from North America. Chlamydatus apiatus (Uhl.) and C. fumidus (Uhl.) are transferred to Plagiognathus Fieb., new combination. Genus Strophopoda Van D., formerly considered a synonym of Chlamydatus is reinstated to contain Strophopoda aprica Van D. Species are keyed and male genitalia are figured.

We released marked mature male flies of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), inside and outside of square blocks of apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), to test the effect of orchard structure on the interception of flies by odor-baited red-sphere traps. The blocks were composed of large trees planted at low density, medium-sized trees planted at medium density, or small trees planted at high density. The experiment was carried out in six commercial apple orchards during summer in 1997 and 1998. Released flies moving into blocks were intercepted in large proportions by baited perimeter traps, thus preventing fly penetration into sphere-protected blocks. In 1997, proportions of intercepted flies were higher for traps in blocks of small and medium-sized trees than for traps in blocks of large trees. In 1998, a year with an unusually low fruit load, interception remained high, but there were no differences in proportions of flies intercepted by perimeter traps among blocks of trees of different sizes. Overall we conclude that the tendency of apple growers in Massachusetts to replace large trees planted at low density with small or medium-sized trees planted at high or medium density will not adversely affect behavioral control programs for apple maggot flies. In fact, this practice may enhance the effectiveness of these programs through increased interception of immigrant adults.

We present the systematics and ecology of a new species of arboreal oribatid mite in the family Achipteriidae, Anachipteria geminussp. nov., a dominant arthropod in canopy lichens associated with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. (Pinaceae)) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes (Pinaceae)) in the coniferous temperate and montane forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America. The species is described on the basis of the morphology of all active instars plus molecular sequence data for the D3 region of the 28s rRNA (D3-28s) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) genes. Anachipteria geminus is the dominant oribatid mite in foliose lichens in the upper canopies of Pacific montane conifer trees. Specimens were found in 100% of canopy lichens sampled, and abundances can reach 1450 individuals / 100 g dry mass of lichen. Analysis of the population structure indicates that A. geminus has seasonally stable populations consistent with overlapping generations. Anachipteria geminus expresses morphological character states that require expanding the diagnoses of the genus Anachipteria and the family Achipteriidae. A revised diagnosis and morphological key to species of Anachipteria in Canada are given.

We assessed the effects of microencapsulation on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin to larvae of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in the laboratory and the field. We also compared the toxicity of microencapsulated and traditional formulations to pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations of the predaceous mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten in the laboratory. In laboratory bioassays with neonate larvae of G. molesta, the microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were less toxic than the wettable-powder and emulsifiable-concentrate formulations. The emulsifiable-concentrate and microencapsulated formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin were equally toxic. In the field, all trees in insecticide-treated plots contained less damage by first generation G. molesta larvae than unsprayed controls. In the second generation, the microencapsulated formulations of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were generally less effective than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation of cypermethrin. The microencapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was as effective as the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation. The microencapsulated formulation of cypermethrin was less toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to both pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations of T. pyri. Both populations were highly resistant to chlorpyrifos and unaffected by either formulation. The microencapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin affected the two populations of T. pyri differently; the microencapsulated formulation was approximately fivefold more toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the pyrethroid-susceptible population, but sixfold less toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the pyrethroid-resistant population. Much of the selectivity reported for the microencapsulated formulations of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos appeared related to a general reduction in toxicity to both target insects and beneficial mites. The microencapsulated lambda-cyhalothrin was as toxic as the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the target insect but was less toxic than the emulsifiable concentrate to pyrethroid-resistant predator mites. This limited increased selectivity may be useful where resistant populations of predators occur.

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Adelgidae, Homoptera), originally introduced from Europe, was reported on grand fir, Abies grandis (Doug.) Lindl., in the Willamette Valley by Keen (5) around 1930. Serious outbreaks of this insect were first recorded on subalpine fir, A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., in Oregon and Pacific silver fir, A. amabilis (Doug].) Forb., in Washington in 1954 ( 3 ) . At present about 600,000 acres of subalpine and Pacific silver firs are heavily infested in the Pacific Northwest.

A nuclear polyhedrosis virus was disseminated into field populations of an incipient outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner). Mortality varied with the concentration of virus used and the age of larvae at the time of spraying. Larvae showed symptoms of infection more rapidly when sprayed with the higher concentrations and secondary infection and mortality occurred in areas where initial mortality developed during the early larval stages.

The Neodiprion sawfly studied in this investigation is an undetermined species which attacks sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl., in California. The conditions of the infested area were particularly suitable for an investigation of some of the basic factors affecting distribution of cocoons on the ground. The efforts of previous workers (Prebble, 1943; Ives and Turnock, 1959) were complicated by dense stand conditions and deep, variable pound cover. The sawfly discussed here was found in considerable numbers on an isolated, young sugar pine at Grass Valley, California. The tree was 19 feet high, 16 vears old, with s diameter of 5.5 inches. The infestation was presumed to be recent as no effect on diameter growth was found, even though the tree possessed only the current year's foliage. The ground cover was extremely sparse and the soil was a compacted, sandy-clay, typical of many foothill areas in California.

Ingested dosages of 10.9 and 16.5 spores of Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) 7 and 27 weeks old, respectively, killed 50% of third-instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Time to death of 50% of larvae (LT50) decreased from 14 to 3 days with increases in dosage from 5 × 101 to 5 × 106 spores (2-week-old)/Iarva. The LT50 for 5 × 101 spores/larva increased from 14 to 25 days with storage of spores at 4°C for 2 and 93 weeks, respectively. Spores applied to soil lost little activity during cool weather but spores applied in summer were inactivated within 60 days. Desiccation or exposure to sunlight or artificial light inactivated the spores. Rate of development of disease was increased by feeding host larvae a diet containing increased proportions of casein or sucrose. The optimum temperature for disease development in T. ni was 25°C.

Laboratory feeding experiments on Celerio euphorbiae (L.) showed that each larva consumed about 2.7 g dry weight of Euphorbia cyparissias L. Laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae produced pupae of similar weights and the close similarity between the fresh and dry weights of control-fed larvae and larvae allowed to feed freely indicates that laboratory results are readily extrapolated to field conditions. On one infested site, at Braeside, Ont., the amount of spurge foliage was measured and the density of larvae needed to graze it fully was estimated at 14/m2 completing development. Preliminary data on an energy budget of the larva are discussed in relation to possible damage to the plant.

Morphology, distribution, and habitat data are presented for the known species of the oribatid mite genus Mycobates of America, north of Mexico. A revised generic diagnosis is given, and 11 new species are proposed and described on the basis of adults: M. altus, M. azaleos, M. beringianus, M. brevilamellatus, M. dryas, M. exigualis, M. hammerae, M. hylaeus, M. occidentalis, M. perates, and M. yukonensis. Three species proposed by Marie Hammer are redescribed, M. conitus, M. incurvatus, and M. punctatus, and a lectotype is designated for M. punctatus. Mycobates consimilis Hammer is considered a junior subjective synonym of M. sarekensis Trägårdh. Distribution maps are presented for these species and a diagnostic key is given to adults of species of Mycobates recorded from America, north of Mexico. Mycobates is species rich in dry arctic, subarctic, and alpine microhabitats of the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Neotropical regions. At temperate latitudes species often are arboreal, associated with moss and lichens on tree trunks.

We present evidence favoring the use of (E)-pityol as an aggregation pheromone in Pityophthorus pubescens (Marsham). (E)-Pityol was detected in effluvia of male and female P. pubescens, and antennae of both sexes responded to (E)-(+)-pityol in electroantennogram assays. In two-choice olfactometer tests, males significantly preferred (E)-(+)-pityol and (E)-(±)-pityol to blank controls at doses of 1, 10, and 100ng, whereas females only showed a preference for (E)-pityol at the 1ng dose.

The globose or rounded head, which is nevcr flat, oblong, and the difference in the antennæ, the antennæ in males being 10-jointed in the females 13-jointed, readiiy separate the subfamily from the Bethylinæ. The group comes quite close to the Dryininæ, but in the latter the head is transverse or subquadrate, never rounded, while the antennæ are 10-jointed in both sexes.

The genus Olixon, Cameron, originally described as a Braconid, belongs here, without much doubt, I think, judging from the description and the figure. Cameron say" “I am unable to point out the natural position of this curious genus. The elongated fore legs give it a look of a Bethylid, to which, indeed, it bears a general resemblance,; but I feel inclined to regard it as a true Braconid.” I have not seen a specimen of this genus, but Mr. Cameron's figure and description clearly show that it belongs here; the thickened fore femora are characteristic of the group.

The study was conducted to document the spatial distribution of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in commercial fields of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. The abundance of aphids was assessed weekly at 12 sites in 2005 and 2006 on more than 135 georeferenced plants per site. Variograms and principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM) were used to detect significant spatial structures. Variograms indicated a spatially random distribution of aphid populations in a majority (84%) of fields-weeks. For the variograms with a defined structure, the variance between pairs of observations generally increased rapidly with the distance between plants up to a distance where it stabilized, a pattern adequately fitted by spherical models. Structured spatial distributions were more prevalent in 2005 than in 2006, especially at the end of the season. In 2006, PCNM analysis was more sensitive in detecting spatial trends than were variograms. PCNM analysis revealed significant patterns across a broad range of scales, with dominant periods averaging 22.6 and 47.1 m for the short and long transects, respectively. Sampling plants along a 100 m long transect at about 7.5 m intervals in soybean fields would allow detection of the spatial structures identified in this study.

A comparison is made between a three-year structured-sampling study that compared spider faunas of two tundra habitats and a single-year unstructured-sampling study, both within the Arctic Long-Term Experimental Research (LTER) field station at Toolik Lake, Alaska, United States of America. The three-year study documented 51 species and predicted a total of 60 species for the area. Our one season study documented 39 species, of which 24, or 62%, are not shared by the three-year study, raising the total count for the LTER to 75 species. These findings emphasise limitations of species richness estimation methods and help dispel the perception that Arctic tundras are homogeneous and species poor.

Chlorita nearctica is described from the Yukon Territory and is the first member of its genus found in the New World. A synopsis is presented to the Old World species of Chlorita Fieber, 1866 (Typhlocybinae, tribe Empoascini). A new typhlocybine tribe Forcipatini is created for Forcipata DeLong & Caldwell, 1936 and Notus Fieber, 1866. A synopsis of the genus Notus is presented, with Curta as a subgenus containing only the type species. Notus isolatus sp.nov. is described from Drummond Island, Michigan, in Lake Huron and from Quebec. A synopsis of the genus Forcipata DeLong & Caldwell is presented; all species belong to a single subgenus. Five new species are described: F. forficula from Florida, F. ips from Alaska and Yukon, F. montana from the mountains of British Columbia and Montana, and F. unica and F. xlix from Wisconsin. The New World species of the forcipatine genera are keyed.

Life histories of Conophthorus beetles attacking the shoot tips of jack, red, Scotch, and ponderosa pines were studied and compared with the life history of the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins. The tip-infesting beetles have not been morphologically separated from C. resinosae. The beetles attacking the shoots of jack, red, Scotch, and ponderosa pines have similar life histories which differ from that of C. resinosae. The latter is distinctly univoltine, while the tip-infesting beetles appear to be bivoltine. Also, dates of appearance and seasonal development differ.