Spruce bud moth adults eclosed in mid-July and completed oviposition within a period of 2 weeks at 8- and 11-year-old white spruce plantations and at an old-field site in northern New Brunswick. Parasitism of bud moth eggs by Trichogramma sp. started less than 14 days after the beginning of adult bud moth eclosion and increased until the middle of August. The temporal patterns of egg parasitism and predation of viable bud moth eggs were similar in 1988 when most mortality occurred during the 2 weeks following the end of oviposition. At two sites studied in 1989, most parasitism occurred during the 4–5 weeks, and predation during the 1–3 weeks following the end of oviposition. Examination of temporal patterns of parasitoid eclosion and of the incidence of parasitism suggests that second-generation parasitoids attacked bud moth eggs at two of three sites. Depending on site and collection date, predators either showed a strong preference for unparasitized eggs or ate similar proportions of unparasitized and parasitized eggs. The incidence of egg parasitism and predation was not influenced by egg density in 1988. In 1989, a weak negative relationship between the number of eggs per cluster and the incidence of egg parasitism was not significant. However, a significant proportion of the variation in percentage egg parasitism was attributable to the interaction between egg density per shoot and collection date.

Preliminary laboratory investigations of the feeding habits of seven species of ants occurring in southern Ontario showed that Camponotus herculeanus (Li.), Crematogaster lineolata (Say) and Formica exsectoides Forel are very predacious and will also eat dead insects. Myrmica americana Weber, Solenopsis molesta (Say) and Tapinoma sessile (Say) are also predacious, but probably because of the small size of the individuals and the colonies they are unable to capture large living insects. Lasius neoniger Emery, a relatively timid ant, may develop large populations and consume considerable numbers of other insects, but it is not recommended as a control agent because it can become troublesome on lawns.

(Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Nonadecatetraene is a sex pheromone that attracts males of both the winter moth Operophtera brumata (L.) and the Bruce spanworm O. bruceata (Hulst). Tests were run to maximize the specificity of a pheromone trap for the winter moth by the addition of a previously discovered Bruce spanworm male inhibitor (BSMI), (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene. Trap capture inhibition of O. bruceata would facilitate monitoring of winter moth as males of the two species are difficult to distinguish without dissection. Wind tunnel tests with O. bruceata males responding to the pheromone indicated that BSMI has a more potent inhibitory effect if males physically contact the compound. Field tests in an area where only O. bruceata was found demonstrated that pheromone-baited traps caught fewer O. bruceata with BSMI placed on the outside of the entrance holes than when it was placed on the inside of the trap, catching respectively 97 and 82% fewer males than traps baited with the pheromone alone. In an area where O. brumata predominated, BSMI, whether inside or outside the trap, did not affect O. brumata captures. However, O. brumata trap captures were reduced when BSMI was placed on rubber rings glued to the outside of the entrance holes to the traps even though control rings did not affect O. brumata captures. Evidence is presented indicating that hybridization is taking place between these two species where O. brumata has recently been introduced and that the response of the hybrids to the BSMI is intermediate between the two species.

The macro-leafhoppers (Cicadellidae, exclusive of Typhlocybinae) of Manitoba are recorded with distribution and host records for the province, seasonal occurrence of adults, ecological associations, and recent taxonomic changes. These comprise 240 species, including 95 new provincial records, of which 22 are new Canadian records, and 1 is a new nearctic record, ldioccrus marginalis Vil. The westward spread of Athysanus argentarius Mete, and Doralura stylata (Boh.) is commented upon.

Root maggots infest radish in Manitoba to a limited extent each year. As early as 1920 Norman Criddle noted damage at Treesbank. In the Brandon area the infestations have usually been less than 10 per cent but have occasionally exceeded 20 per cent. Hylemya planipalpis (Stein) is the principal species.

There is little literature on this pest. Most references to root maggots on radish refer to other species. For example, Matthewman et al. (1950) identified the cabbage maggot, H. brassicae (Bouche), as the predominant species on radish at Ottawa whereas H. cilicrura (Rond.) and H. trichodactyla (Rond.) were given secondary importance. H. brassicae has not yet been reported in AIanitoba. In California Essig (1915) stated that Phorbia planipalpis (= H. planipalpis) was present but not the cabbage maggot. Brooks (1951) reported H. planipalpis to be the major root maggot pest of radish in the Prairie Provinces of Canada.

Investigations by Baker and Stewart (1928), Sleesman (1934), and Matthewman et al. (1953) on varietal resistance of seeded onions to the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), gave no significant results, probably because they were made on small numbers of commercial varieties. This is a report on field and greenhause tests from 1955 to 1957 on 44 varieties of Allium spp. grown from seed. The variety Early Yellow Globe was used as a standard of susceptibility to the onion maggot in all tests.

The jack-pine budworm, Ohoristoneura sp., was first recorded by Graham (5, 6) as a new variety or race on jack pine. Subsequent studies by Graham (6 showed that in the early stages of their development the larvae of this insect prefer jack-pine staminate flowers as a habitat. Population records from Manitoba and northwestern Ontario indicate that infestations of the jack-pine budworm are invariably associated with an abundance of staminate flowers.

The community of Fort Erie, Ontario, and the waterfront zone of Buffalo, New York, form one of the many areas in the St. Lawrence River drainage system that are annually infested by large numbers of adult Trichoptera and, to a lesser degree, Ephemerida. Betten (1934) reported on a field study, conducted in 1906, of the Trichoptera found at Buffalo, N.Y. He noted the prevalent species and the extent of the problem chat the insects create for the local inhabitants. The medical aspect was investigated by Parlato (1929, 1930, 1932) and Osgood (1934). In August, 1950, an investigation of the scale, composition, and source of the trichopteran infestation and possible control measures was initiated at Fort Erie, Ontario.

A female rove beetle (Ocypus olens Müller) in the laboratory consumed 20 small-sized brown garden snails (Helix aspersa Müller) in 22 days, eating almost its weight in snail bodies daily. H. aspersa is a serious agricultural and residential plant pest. Field observations from an area where O. olens was well established had a smaller snail population than similar areas lacking the beetle. O. olens appears to be a promising candidate species for biological control of H. aspersa. Mass production of O. olens has not yet been attempted. A tabular key to the nearctic species of Ocypus is presented. In North America its distribution is limited to California for which a map is included.

The ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), causes extensive damage to logs in coastal British Columbia. The logging debris or slash felled in the autumn has been found to be an important breeding place for these beetles. The shaded sides of the larger pieces of slash sustained the greatest attacks and produced the most brood. The population increased about four-fold as a result of breeding in slash and this increase was estimated to be more than one quarter of a million beetles per acre on the areas investigated. A very large population of these beetles can develop each year in districts where autumn and winter felling is in progress.

We examined and keyed out the subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus mostly created by Yoshii. Although many of these subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus are difficult to apply in Europe, America, and Africa, they are easily applicable in East and Southeast Asia. The species of Southeast Asia are placed in these subgenera and a key to the subgenera is provided. A new species, Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) felpei from Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, is described and the species Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) fimetarius Gisin is redescribed. Although the Lepidocyrtus fauna of the whole of East Asia differs from the Holarctic fauna, the Central and Northeast Asian fauna are similar in subgeneric make up to the North American fauna, slightly less similar to the European fauna, and totally unlike the Southeast Asian fauna.

Defoliation by the birch casebearer, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, the most important pest of white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., in Newfoundland, is correlated with leaf size but the differences in defoliation associated with leaf size are too small to be of practical importance. Thus, a sample of at least eight leaves from either the top crown quarter or from mid crown will give consistent estimates of tree defoliation, and 14 trees should be sampled to classify a stand for appraisal surveys or for evaluation of damage to scenic areas. Evaluation of stand defoliation in three broad classes is recommended: up to 30% defoliation appears as light browning not noticed by the general public, 30% to 90% results in distinct browning, and over 90% defoliation denotes intensive browning and bud and branch mortality.

The following descriptions of new species of black flies are based on material acquired from several sources in the Division of Entomology. The largest collections were made by field parties engaged in the Northern Insect Survey, a project commenced in 1947 and conducted by the Division in co-operation with the National Defence Research Board. Much of the simuliid material accumulated by this survey still remains to he examined and it will be several years before the valuable data on species distribution that it contains can be assembled into a form suitable for publication. Several collections of northern material have also been contributed by officers of the Household and Medical Entomology Unit. The rest of the material is the outcome of rnp own field studies in the Ottawa district, These studies, comnenced in 1949 and still continuing, are on a much smaller scale than the northern work and are designed chiefly to increase my knowledge of the group and to verify or supplement certain aspects of the work done by Twinn (1) in this area.

An investigation of the life-history and habits of Ips cembrae (Heer) has been made at the Ord wood, Cawdor Estate in Nairnshire. The species is polygamous and has a 1-year life cycle with two broods a year. The first broods result from eggs laid in May and June, producing teneral adults in August and September, and the second arise from egg-laying in late September and early October; these second broods generally overwinter under bark in the larval and pupal stages, and the adults emerge the following spring. There are three larval instars before pupation. Maturation feeding of the young beetles and regeneration feeding of the old ones take place either under the bark where broods have developed, or by attacking fresh host trees.

Life tables for Coleophora laricella (Hübner) at three locations in Oregon were completed for six generations from overwintering larvae in 1978–1979 through overwintering larvae in 1984–1985. Egg densities (per 100 buds) were high (range 279–1038) at Catherine Creek, moderate (49–705) at Tollgate, and low (14–200) at Emigrant Springs. Mortality of early stages was in the order CC>T>ES and tended to equalize overwintering densities. Ten within-generation mortalities (k-values) were calculated. Adult mortality (or reduced fecundity) was always highest. The key factor at Tollgate was mortality of needleminers along with winter-to-spring disappearance. At Catherine Creek, the key factor was mortality of fall casebearers. At Emigrant Springs, the expanding population of an introduced parasite, Agathis pumila (Ratz.), indicated a change in the key factor from mortality of needleminers to parasitism. Mortality of fall casebearers at Emigrant Springs was density dependent. Parasitism caused by A. pumila and another introduced species, Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.), showed characteristics of delayed density dependence.

Oncocnemis saundersiana Grt. The young larvae of this species were first found at Bobcaygeon, Ont., in June, 1931, feeding within the blossoms of a Pentstemon sp. but died before reaching maturity. At the same time and place in 1932 a number of more fully grown larvae were secured, either feeding on the blossoms or resting flat against the main stem of the plant; the larvae are smooth, slender and of a pale green color, variably suffused with a pinkish shade, exactly matching the Pentstemon blossoms, and at times they may be entirely pink, especially in those instances where the caterpillar is resting on the flowerheads. Pupation takes place in the earth and the moth emerges in late August.

Field tests of (E)-11-tetradecenal and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, the respective sex attractants for western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and the Modoc budworm, C. viridis Freeman, revealed that these compounds attract several other forest Lepidoptera. The acetate attracted a total of 14 species representing seven families, and the aldehyde accounted for nine species representing four families. This interspecific attraction could influence budworm trapping efficiency and interpretation of results, because of the abundance of other responding species and the fact that two of the species resemble Choristoneura adults in appearance.

Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) is a bark beetle that occurs throughout the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain Region and is common in the interior of British Columbia. Although Bedard (1938) reported that it had killed small areas of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) reproduction, it is of minor economic importance and usually confines its attack to tops, limbs, and logging slash. A knowledge of the life-history and habits of this insect is desirable for an understanding of the effects of interspecific competition on the development of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., with which it is often associated in Douglas fir.

In the spring of 1962 Caltha palustris was in bloom from April 30 to May 26. Thirty-nine species of insects in Cantharidae, Nitidulidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, Miridae, Thripidae, Pieridae, Tenthredinidae, Apidae, Halictidae, Andrenidae, Formicidae, Sepsidae, Sciomyzidae, Ephydridae, Syrphidae, Anthomyiidae, Tachinidae and Muscidae visited the leaves and flowers. Many were found carrying pollen of the plant.

During the course of investigations dealing with the biological control of insect pests of conifers, several species of sawflies were found to be heavily attacked by the tachinid parasite Phorocera hamata A. & W. The present paper describes the immature stages and indudes the life-history of the parasite under laboratory conditions.