The genus Euderus Haliday in America north of Mexico consists of five subgenera, Secodelloidea Girault, Euderus Haliday, Euderoides n. subgen., Neoeuderus n. subgen., and Leipocrossus n. subgen. and 25 species; 13 species are described as new and are as follows: Euderus (Secodelloidea) canadensis, E. (Euderoides) purpureus, E. (Neoeuderus) viridilineatus, E. (Neoeuderus) magnificus, E. (Leipocrossus) californicus, E. (Euderus) solidaginis, E. (Euderus) vockerothi, E. (Euderus) chillcotti, E. (Euderus) masoni, E. (Euderus) fuscedinellae, E. (Euderus) pecki, E. (Euderus) glaucus, and E. (Euderus) alaskensis. Species groups of albitarsis and solidaginis form two natural groupings within the genus Euderus s. str. Keys to subgenera and species, distribution, and host records are included.

The adult, pupa, and final-instar larva of Trichothaumalea elakalensis sp.nov. (Diptera: Thaumaleidae) are described and illustrated. This is the first record of this genus from eastern North America and first description of the immature stages. In addition, reinterpretation of the homologies of the male terminalia and preliminary observations on the male reproductive system of Thaumaleidae are presented and the phylogenetic implications upon the monophyly of the Chironomoidea are discussed.

This is one of a series of papers—Andreninæ, Tr. Am. Ent., Soc. 28: 187; Halictinæ, Can, Ent. 34: 245, 1902: Sphecodinæ, Ent. News 14:103; Megachilidæ and Bombinæ. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. 29:163; Nomadinæ Can. Ent. 35:172; Epeolinæ, Can. Ent. 35: 284, 1903— intended to bring together the results of studies of the bees of the neighbourhood of Carlinville, Illinois.

The state of taxonomy of Idris, egg parasitoids of spiders, in Nearctic North America is reviewed. The concept of Idris is discussed and Ceralobaeus Ashmead is considered a junior synonym (new synonymy). The melleus-group of Idris is defined and 11 Nearctic species are keyed and described: I. castaneus sp.nov. (south and southeastern USA), I. chrysion sp.nov. (southeastern USA), I. costatus sp.nov. (eastern USA), I. lacunatus (Baja California, Mexico). I. leedsi sp.nov. (midsouthem USA), I. melleus (Ashrnead) (south and southeastern USA and southern Canada), I. onychion sp.nov. (southeastern USA), I. ornatus sp.nov. (eastern USA), I. pulvinus sp.nov. (south and southeastern USA), I. spartinae sp.nov. (southeastern USA), and I. triticola sp.nov. (midwestern USA). Extra-limital Nearctic members of the melleus-group are briefly discussed.

Scolytus multistriatus female adults demonstrated a distinct preference for English and Siberian elm over Chinese elm in attacking bolts and establishing egg galleries. Density of attacks appeared related to bark roughness of the exposed bolt. A ranking of elm species suitability for S. multistriatus is thus possible. Some of the females forced to attack Chinese elm died after making nuptial chambers but before establishing egg galleries. Egg production by females was unaffected by attack densities observed, elm species, or the place where the trial was conducted. In the laboratory, survival from egg to adult was lower in Chinese elm than in English or Siberian elm. Ability of the larvae to mine outer bark at high densities is believed to be a response to intraspecific competition and probably enhances survival. The first estimates of subcortical population parameters are presented for this species in North America. Adaptive value of variations in relationships between the beetle and various elm species is discussed.

Pycnoglypta aptera, a new species of omaliine staphylinid, is described and compared with the Holarctic species Pycnoglypta lurida (Gyllenhal). Scanning electron photomicrographs, line drawings, and a key are provided to distinguish the species.

Yellowjacket colonies were manipulated to test for a possible pheromone emitted by the queen that suppresses worker ovarian development. When queenless and queen-right groups of yellowjacket workers were periodically switched to different sides of a vertically divided nestbox, worker reproduction was partially inhibited. It is suggested that the queen may deposit an inhibitory pheromone on the comb, and workers encounter this queen pheromone during their various colony tasks.

Species of the subgenus Symplecta Meigen with Arctic, or at least partly Arctic, distributions are revised. Five species are redescribed: S. (S.) novaezemblae (Alexander), S. (S.) scotica (Edwards), S. (S.) mabelana (Alexander), S. (S.) sheldoni (Alexander), and S. (S.) horrida (Lackschewitz). Two new species are described: S. (S.) edlundaesp. nov. (Northwest Territories and Yukon, Canada) and S. (S.) echinatasp. nov. (eastern Siberia, Russia). Five new synonyms are proposed: Erioptera (S.) sunwapta Alexander and Helobia intermedia Lackschewitz = S. (S.) scotica; Erioptera (S.) platymera Alexander = S. (S.) mabelana; S. (S.) rotundiloba Podenas and Gelhaus = S. (S.) sheldoni; and Erioptera (Psiloconopa) chaetophora Alexander = S. (S.) horrida. Symplecta (Symplecta) scotica and S. (S.) mabelana are restored as full species from subspecies rank. Symplecta (Symplecta) horrida, previously placed in Erioptera (Mesocyphona) Osten Sacken, is transferred to Symplecta s.s. The distinctions between S. (S.) cana (Walker) and S. (S.) hybrida (Meigen) are clarified and the sympatric and syntopic occurrences of these species are documented. A key to the species treated, and illustrations of both male and female terminalia, are provided and the distribution of each species is outlined.

An illustrated account of the thoracic mechanism of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), is given. The thoracic skeleton including legs and wings is described and this is followed by a discussion of the interaction of these parts with the musculature. The action of the extrinsic and intrinsic leg muscles, being well known, is tabled as are also the origins and insertions of all the thoracic muscles.

A commercial formulation of neem seed extract, Margosan-O, containing 0.3% AI azadirachtin, was tested under laboratory and field conditions against the European leafroller, Archips rosanus L. In laboratory tests, a 1% aqueous solution of neem insecticide produced 100% larval mortality within 48 h of treatment. At lower concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01%, 48-h mortality rates were reduced. Prolonged deleterious effects of sublethal treatments of neem were observed even at the lowest concentration (0.001%) tested. Mortality in the 0.1 and 0.01% treatments group reached 100% within 32–39 days after treatment. Field data showed that 3 weeks after application, 1% Margosan-O was as effective as the organophosphate insecticide diazinon and significantly more effective than the microbial insecticide Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis). Larvae exposed to higher concentrations of neem died within 48 h after feeding on treated foliage. At lower rates, feeding deterrence (including cessation of feeding) and growth regulatory effects (e.g. difficulty in molting, abnormal larval growth, and formation of malformed pupae and adults) were recorded.

Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) + sublethal doses of the organophosphates fenitrothion or Orthene® were aerially applied to spruce budworm infested white spruce and balsam fir trees. B.t. + fenitrothion applied at 10 BIU + 17.5 g active ingredient in 4.71./ha (4 BIU + 0.25 oz in 0.5 gal/acre) and depositing at 1.5 to 3.0 BIU + 2.1 to 4.9 g/ha (0.03 to 0.07 oz/acre) did not protect the trees in the year of application owing to too low application rates but apparently gave good protection 1 year later without further treatment. A B.t. + Orthene combination applied at 20 BIU + 42 g/ha (8 BIU + 0.6 oz/acre) and depositing at the rate of 6.9 BIU + 12.6 g/ha (2.29 BIU + 0.18 oz/acre) provided good protection for both tree species in the year of spray.

Moth emergence was substantially reduced by 20 to 30 BIU B.t. + Orthene combination treatment. Thuricide fenitrothion, Dipel fenitrothion, and 30 BIU Orthene treatments reduced oviposition rate by at least 62%, 47%, and 47%, respectively. B,t. + a low dose of Orthene apparently had no major destructive effects on larval, pupal, or egg parasites whereas B.t. + a low dose of fenitrothion seriously reduced egg parasitism.

The data indicate the possibility of using B.t. in combination with low doses of chemical insecticides against the spruce budworm as an alternative to high doses of chemical insecticides alone.

Surveys were conducted in Ontario and Québec, Canada to determine the parasitoid communities associated with Ceutorhynchus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) weevil species that are potential nontarget hosts of candidate biological control agents of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham). New host plant associations are documented for Ceutorhynchus americanus Buchanan, Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blatchley, and Ceutorhynchus omissus Fall. More than 18 species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) were associated with six Ceutorhynchus species reared from siliques and stems of Brassicaceae plants. Silique-feeding Ceutorhynchus species supported a more diverse parasitoid community than stem-feeding or root crown-feeding species. The major components of the parasitoid assemblage of the native C. neglectus included Mesopolobus gemellus Baur and Muller, Mesopolobus moryoides Gibson, Trichomalus lucidus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and a cryptic species complex previously reported as Necremnus tidius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). These species, plus Trimeromicrus maculatus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were the main parasitoids attacking the native C. omissus. The major parasitoids associated with the accidently introduced Ceutorhynchus erysimi (Fabricius) and Ceutorhynchus typhae (Herbst) included T. maculatus, the N. tidius species complex, M. gemellus, and M. moryoides. Trichomalus perfectus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a major parasitoid of C. obstrictus in Europe, is an accidental introduction first reared in Canada from that host in 2009 and first collected from C. omissus in 2011. Mesopolobus gemellus is shown to have a broad host range. These findings highlight the need for a cautious approach before introducing new biological control agents.

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), is an exotic pest that is regulated by federal quarantines in the United States and Canada. Mark–release–recapture experiments were performed with infested logs coated with fluorescent powder to determine if overwintering beetles in logs would leave a mill yard if infested logs were transported to sawmills in uninfested areas. Overwintering T. piniperda adults were marked with powder as they emerged in spring. Dispersal studies were conducted in four simulated mill yards and five operational sawmills to determine whether T. piniperda would colonize only the log pile in which they overwintered, fly to nearby log piles, or disperse beyond the mill yard. Each simulated mill yard was composed of 36 uninfested red pine logs, Pinus resinosa Ait. (Pinaceae), and 12 α-pinene-baited funnel traps set up to 100 m from a central release pile of six uninfested red pine and nine infested logs of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. At the five operational sawmills, baited funnel traps were set up to 400 m outside of each mill yard. Overall, 482 T. piniperda galleries were found on the experimental logs recovered from the four simulated mill yards combined. Tomicus piniperda adults dispersed and attacked the most distant logs at 100 m from the release point in the simulated mill yards. Likewise, adults were captured in baited funnel traps at distances up to 230 m in simulated mill yards and 250 m around operational sawmills. Although numbers of recaptured T. piniperda were generally low, in all cases some adults dispersed outside the mill yards despite the presence of abundant suitable breeding material. Therefore, logs containing overwintering adults pose a risk of spreading T. piniperda if not processed prior to initiation of spring flight.

The lecanium scale was introduced into Vancouver with nursery stock from England in 1903, and by 1910 had become firmly established. Severe injury to broad-leaved maple, vine maple and horse chestnut was reported in 1923, and chemical control operations were undertaken from 1924 to 1930, but with very transitory effects (9, 10). The encyrtid wasp, Blastothrix sericea (Dalm.), imported from England in 1928 and 1929, quickly became established at the liberation points in Sorth Vancouver, and by June, 1930 had dispersed over an area of about 20 square miles. In April, 1931, twigs with parasitized scales from North Vancouver were distributed at intervals throughout the main area of lecanium infestation south and east of Vancouver, and by June of that year the parasite was known to be established over an area of about 100 square miles. By 1932, the percentage of parasitism in the mature lecanium females reached 90 to 100 per cent, and host population density was at very low levels (12, 13).

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), is susceptible to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus and to a granulosis virus which may occur as single infections (Bergold 1950, 1951) or as double infections (Bird, 1959). Laboratory studies have shown that relatively heavy concentrations of either virus musr be injected or fed to hudworm larvae to cause infection and death. In one quantitative study Bergold (1951) estimated that the intralymphal LD50 of the polyhedrosis virus for the budworm is about 5000 times that for the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., when each is administered to its natural host. Field tests of the viruses were made in 1959 and 1960 to determine whether infection and mortality would result from spraying suspensions in infested forests.

The biogeography of 171 North American species of Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is reviewed. For biogeographical analysis, species are arranged in groups according to habitat; these are 62 aridland species, 69 forest species, 19 widespread species, and 21 species with special or unknown habitat requirements. Aridland species are distributed primarily in grassland areas in the Great Plains and in sagebrush areas or piñon–juniper woodland in the intermontane region. Ranges in these two regions are connected in arid corridors through the Rocky Mountain region. Forest species in western North America are arranged in two groups: those that occur in both conifer forests and piñon–juniper woodland (17 species), and those that occur only in conifer forests (40 species). Species in the former category occur throughout the mountain ranges of the west including those of the Great Basin wherever suitable habitat occurs. Those of the latter category occur in conifer forests on mountain ranges around the Great Basin but do not occur in the Great Basin, even in mountain ranges that support suitable habitat. Most forest species that occur in the Rocky Mountain region also occur in disjunct woodland areas in the Great Plains.

The effect of Wisconsinan glaciation on the biogeographic regions of western North America is reconstructed from a review of fossil pollen and plant macrofossil studies. From this synthesis it is suggested that during the Wisconsinan glacial maximum, forest species were widely distributed in the Great Plains south of the Laurentian ice sheet, and at low elevations in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountain regions. Piñon–juniper woodland species were widespread in the Great Plains. Forest species that do not occur in piñon–juniper woodland were distributed around the Great Basin but were prevented from reaching suitable habitat in mountain ranges within the Basin by unsuitable habitat in the intervening lowlands. The ranges of aridland species were greatly reduced during Wisconsinan time, particularly in the Great Plains. Aridland corridors through the Rocky Mountains were eliminated during the Wisconsinan glacial maximum.

The possibility of speciation during Wisconsinan time is reviewed. Although the distribution of many sister-species are what would be expected from speciation during the Wisconsinan, the distributions may reflect allopatric distributions during Wisconsinan time and not speciation.

Flight capacity of codling moths, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was measured with computer-linked flight mills following exposure to one of two temperature regimes. Codling moth adults were held for 24 hours before flight under either chilled (2 °C) or unchilled (24 °C) conditions. The chilling treatment emulated conditions that codling moths are exposed to pre-release in the Okanagan Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Programme. Moths were assayed on flight mills for eight hours to obtain a measure of flight capacity based on total flight distance. Energy use was assessed by weight loss during flight and post-flight body lipid content compared with similarly treated moths that did not fly. Flight distance did not vary with pre-flight temperature treatment, however moth pre-flight weight influenced flight capacity; heavier moths flew further. Moths chilled before the bioassay used less energy based on reduced weight loss and higher lipid content post bioassay as compared with unchilled moths. The current cold storage procedure used in the SIR Programme does not negatively influence subsequent flight capacity and reduces energy use during flight. Codling moths can fly on average between 7–10km in an eight-hour flight mill bioassay and lipids, at least in part, are used to fuel flight.

The alternate generations of five species of gall-making cynipids on Garry oak, Quercus garryana Douglas, have been newly ascertained. Bisexual and agamic generations of each species have been reared through complete life cycles. All have been identified to species; three generations are described for the first time; two new synonyms and one new combination are given.

Morphology of the adults is relatively consistent between alternate generations, but specific characteristics, habitat, and gall-form may differ widely. Distinguishing features of the generations are presented, including life histories, descriptions and photographs of galls, and comments on associate insects. Taxonomic bibliographies are given, and references are listed.

The poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.), known to be present in British Columbia since 1923, primarily attacks species of Salix L. (Salicaceae) and Populus L. (Salicaceae). Larvae bore into stems, causing them to break easily. The impact of the weevil has been rising in recent years because of the increasing importance of poplar and willow from both economic and ecological perspectives. We conducted a study at 45 locations in British Columbia to determine host use among native Salix spp. and the between- and within-tree dynamics of C. lapathi. There were 11 new host records, but the incidence of attack was similar among species. Attacked trees were larger in general and had more dead wood and stems, more adventitious branches per stem, more total breaks per stem, and more naturally caused breaks per stem than their attack-free neighbours. Breaks caused by C. lapathi tended to be slightly larger in diameter and lower on the stem than naturally caused breaks. Bases of stems were preferentially attacked, and C. lapathi selected large stems in which to oviposit. As large attack-free trees become less abundant, weevils apparently start to attack small-diameter stems. Although C. lapathi is adversely affecting the health of willows in British Columbia, there is no evidence that any Salix species is threatened by weevil-caused extinction.

Insects use semiochemicals to mediate important behaviours such as mating, oviposition, and foraging for resources. Chemical ecology research aims to identify these message-bearing chemicals and develop synthetic copies of semiochemicals for use in integrated pest management (IPM). There has been, and continues to be, an extensive research effort to understand the chemical ecology of various insects considered to be pests of forests in Canada. Canadian chemical ecology research has had an impact on IPM of forest insect pests in Canada and around the world. Canadian researchers have been involved in the identification of semiochemicals used by forest insects and the development and implementation of semiochemical-based management tactics for forest pest management. Semiochemicals have been incorporated into forest pest management for a variety of insect taxa primarily as tools to monitor and control forest insect pests in Canada. The goals of the current review are to: (1) highlight research conducted on semiochemical-based management of forest pests in Canada; (2) discuss the current and potential uses of semiochemicals in IPM of forest pests in Canada; and (3) evaluate potential areas for increased research and implementation of semiochemicals into the management of forest pests in Canada.