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Chapter 10 offers tools and tips for theorizing. We lay out multiple modes of theorizing – spoken word, written word, pictures, key cases, and formal models. Then, we offer some general guidance on the construction of theories.
Chapter 4 discusses general strategies for finding a topic. This includes (a) finding your passion, (b) the life of the mind, (c) reading the secondary literature, (d) appraising the state of the world, (e) the familiar and the unfamiliar, (f) specializing and generalizing, and (g) the old and the new.
Chapter 8 lays out a menu of well-travelled theoretical frameworks. This includes (a) motivational frameworks (interests, norms, psychology), (b) structural frameworks (material factors, human capital/demography, institutions), and (c) interactive frameworks (adaptation, coordination, diffusion, networks, path dependence).
Chapter 6 introduces a case-based approach to exploratory research. Here, a tight focus on particular case or a small number of cases allows for a detailed but preliminary exploration of phenomena. For this purpose, we lay out techniques of case selection where the analysis is exploratory rather than confirmatory. These techniques may be categorized as (a) extreme, (b) index, (c) deviant, (d) most-similar, or (e) diverse.
Chapter 5 offers a variety of heuristics for discovery. This includes (a) turning answers into questions, (b) play, (c) skepticism towards words and numbers, (d) error and anomaly, (e) analogies, (f) intellectual arbitrage, (g) thought experiments, (h) processes and variables, (i) hermeneutics, (j) abstraction, and (k) failure.
Chapter 7 lays out methods for soaking and poking, which we categorize broadly as (a) ethnographic, (b) archival, or (c) statistical. These techniques may be focused on a chosen case, on many cases, or may be enlisted in situations where cases are not well-identified.
Chapter 1 discusses the problem of finding research projects, introduces the breadth of tools available for solving that problem, and offers a roadmap for the rest of the book.
Chapter 11 concludes our study with a close look at the transition from exploration to testing. First, we discuss various steps involved in vetting a research project. This includes a calculation of costs, payoffs, and risks; a consideration of research ethics; and extensive market-testing. In the second section, we discuss when to go public with preliminary ideas and findings. In the third section, we consider what to reveal about the research process. Finally, we discuss the contrast between exploratory to confirmatory research.