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Air raids were fundamentally terror attacks, usually failing to hit military targets and aiming for civilian population centres instead. Consequently, ordinary people reacted to the initial assaults with fear; anxiety and panic produced rumour-mongering and unpredictable behaviour. Feelings of impotence inspired rage against enemies, which abetted support for mass bombing of non-combatants in ‘enemy’ countries. Others reacted by turning to spiritualism, superstition, and religious faith. There is no evidence that any of these actions hastened the end of the war or saved the lives of loved ones.