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The purpose of the Discussion is to tell the reader whether the data are likely to prove or disprove the hypothesis, presenting relevant arguments, consider in relation to previous publications. Indicating where caution in interpretation is needed, and qualifying conclusions as necessary.
This is a part of the scientific paper that today is often appended after rest of the paper has been reached. It has to give details of the techniques used, the reason for their selection and exact details of the procedures.The need for proper controls is discussed. Sources of materials have to be identified, modifications and limitations are to be included. Confidence in the data that emerges means that statistical tests must be appropriate. How this quite tedious section of the paper can best be assembled is explained.
This chapter introduces the reader to some of the procedures and problems that arise once a paper moves on to the publishing process. Publishing houses have different ways of operating through different modalities. Issues with proofs (who deals with them – author or publisher?) are discussed. The steps that occur after proofing are described.
A scientific paper is part of an ongoing sequence of findings. The author has to put this in context, which is the act of writing an Introduction, effectively the state of the art in the particular research project at the time of preparing a new paper. It should include seminal works from the past, but should also focus on the issues that have come in the more recent past. It needs to explain how the author arrived at the hypothesis that must be clearly included in this Introduction.
Authors are informed about the many problems of unethical practices in scientific publishing, notably plagiarism, duplication, multiple submission, fabrications, conflicts of interest and others. They are also pointed to places where they can get help in dealing with these issues.
Authors are instructed that the Abstract is the most important part of their paper and that it needs very careful attention. It must attract the attention of potential readers, be succinct and clear. The structured Abstract is more verbose, which is required by some journals. It should contain in particular the hypothesis and, in the shortest way, the overall conclusion of the findings. Below it the author indicates what are the most appropriate keywords, sets out the abbreviations used.
Editorial matters can be complex. These include how editors reach their decision, appeals against non-acceptance, revision and its difficulties, problems in creating the final version and moving it on to the publication procedure.