This article looks at the rise of Venice and the expansion of its economic, political and military power in the Adriatic from the early ninth until the fourteenth centuries. It assesses how local, interconnecting commercial networks transformed into more elaborate, intensive and long-distance connections that came about as a result of wider patterns of change not only in the Adriatic, but in the Mediterranean, Europe and beyond during this period. The article examines the relationship between Venice and the coastal towns of Dalmatia and Italy and charts how patterns of co-operation and mutual interest gave way to domination through a deliberate and coherent series of policies adopted by Venice’s leaders. The participation of an increasing number of elements of Venetian society in the commercial and political success of the city played an important role in providing domestic stability on the one hand and in shaping a civic identity on the other, that was also to prove important during the time of the crusades where new markets and opportunities opened up for the city. Financial structures that allowed for – and even prompted – inclusivity played a key role too in eliding the interests of the elites with those of Venice’s citizens.

The article explores the role of the Adriatic seaborne exchange in the crucial seventh and eighth centuries. Against the backdrop of the historical narrative, which saw the year 700 as the low point of Adriatic exchange, the author proposes an alternative picture, mostly relying on the recent excavation in Comacchio, together with a reassessment of literary evidence. The article suggests that 700 represented an adjustment in the relations between the Byzantine fringes of the Adriatic and the imperial centre rather than a rupture in seaborne communication. Although relying on imperial identities and conceptions of authority, local aristocracies became growingly independent and increasingly defiant toward the authority of Constantinople. In the eight century, episodes such as the 727 rebellions or the 751 conquest of Ravenna, progressively worsened the relationship between the Adriatic towns and Constantinople until the final break. This was the premise to the rise of Venice and the other Adriatic towns.

In recent years research on the early medieval north-eastern Italy has made important advances in the study of archaeological finds from the entire Adriatic area but also in the field of critical analysis of the early Venetian duchy’s relations with the Lombard (and later Italian) kingdom and Byzantine Italy. This study focuses on the second subject, starting from the arrival of the Lombards in 569, which established the conditions for the birth of Venice. From the sixth to the ninth century, Venice was a Byzantine duchy embedded in a dense network of political, social and economic relations which extended across the whole northern Adriatic. The formation of Venetian society and the city itself, its institutions and political identity were profoundly influenced by social and institutional developments on the Italian mainland. Simultaneously Byzantine, Adriatic and Italian in character, Venice developed in delicate equilibrium with all these different social components.

Venice, and then the Adriatic, was the main route to Byzantium for the whole Medieval period, for anyone coming to the former eastern Roman empire from or through northern Italy. The geographical position of the sea makes that inevitable. The west–east sea route via Sicily worked for some Europeans, but only on a large scale after the Normans conquered the island from the Arabs in the late eleventh century and even then less prominently than the Adriatic did; the land route through Hungary, which had a border with Byzantium in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, suited some armies, but it was never an easy passage; and the Danube was underused as a route for a long time. So the Adriatic had a major role as a path to the Byzantine empire in every Medieval century, and this book amply shows what sorts of roles it took, in the sometimes dramatically changing economic and political environments of nine centuries.

Early medieval Zadar is the focus of this case study which explores the interaction between international and local factors which contributed to Zadar becoming a capital of a Byzantine province in the late eighth and the ninth century. The chapter examines the local impact of the renovation of Byzantine administration in that period and the relationship between this development and the local Church. Bishops of Zadar tried to use a favourable moment in such a political context to claim the title of archbishops. The study also looks at the interaction between Zadar and its hinterland, populated by Croats, and the new religious centres that served them. Zadar survived the collapse of post-Roman Dalmatia and this Late Antique civitas became an early medieval provincia loosely dependent on the imperial administrative system.

The earliest preserved painted icons in the Adriatic date from the thirteenth century.In fact, apart from Rome, the entire Latin West seems to have embraced icons simultaneously overnight as soon as they started coming in great numbers from Byzantium following the capture of Constantinople by the crusaders in 1204. This chapter argues that the Adriatic was particularly responsive to these painted icons because it had already embraced Byzantine relief icons in the eleventh century. The examination includes both the material and written evidence for the existence of icons in the eleventh-century Adriatic, such as the extant marble Hodegetria icon from Trani and the recorded commission of a gilt silver icon for Siponto Cathedral in 1069. When it comes to Dalmatia, this investigation looks into a donation document recording five icons, one of which was made of silver, in a church built and furnished by a Croatian dignitary in the 1040s. The analysis demonstrates that by the thirteenth century, the Adriatic was conditioned by relief icons to embrace easily portable painted icons reaching its shores after the fall of Constantinople and that this area as a whole experienced a strong prestige bias towards Byzantine artefacts.

This study discusses transformations of settlement in the northern Adriatic arch between Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. In particular, it takes into consideration the situation in Roman cities which were deserted and those where there was continuity of life. Above all, attention is focused on a phenomenon specific for this area: the newly founded cities. Among these, the author focuses on Venice and Equilo. These two settlements were founded in similar environmental contexts but their outcomes turned out to be very different. The history of these two settlements is discussed in a general framework – that of the Venetian lagoon – with the passage from a scattered settlement (Late Antiquity) to a series of centralised settlements (Early Middle Ages). By using an archaeological approach, this study highlights their subsequent development with regard to the competition between the local aristocracies.

The Venetians had a substantial stake in the local trade of the Byzantine empire and provided essential naval assistance. The chrysobull of 992 was a confirmation of existing privileges and practices. The same was true of the chrysobull traditionally dated to 1082, which Alexius I Komnenos granted to the Venetians. His son and successor John II refused to ratify the chrysobull while Manuel I Komnenos also sought to bring the Venetians to heel and adopted a bolder strategy. He challenged their control of the Adriatic and in 1171 interned Venetians resident in the empire and seized their property. The Venetians survived only because they had the Adriatic to fall back on. Venice derived its basic strengths from the resources of the northern Adriatic, which allowed them to equip formidable fleets which, in turn, helped them to dominate the Adriatic and to further their interests in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. Despite the frictions, the Venetian patriciate understood that their interests were best served by effective Byzantine government, which guaranteed the security of the seas.

The conquest of Constantinople by the Frank and Venetian crusaders in 1204 marked the beginning of a new era for Venice in the Aegean and the Adriatic alike. The Partitio Romanie, the act sharing the spoils of the Byzantine empire between the conquerors attributed most of Byzantium’s former Adriatic possessions to the Venetians. However, Venice was able to secure this new influence in the area only through a process of negotiations with the local powers, most of them established after the collapse of the empire, embodied in a series of diplomatic documents. This chapter examines the range of modalities through which these relations were established and later textual history of the associated documents. The Venetian strategy initially achieved only limited success; however the preservation of the texts of those documents later assumed a political and historiographical function which strengthened Venetian ambitions in the Adriatic.

This study focuses on Ravenna during the period from its fall into the hands of the Lombards in 751 to the decline of Byzantine power in the West from the mid-eleventh century. It argues that Ravenna shared common features with a number of other cities in the upper Adriatic, for example Comacchio, Venice and Zadar. The city maintained its earlier economic and artistic ties with Istria and Dalmatia, but also with Constantinople. The ties to Byzantium were based on admiration, nostalgia or identity and were used as part of strategy of resistance to threatening outside forces. However, the increasing dominance of local landowning elite led to the local autonomy and the strongest Byzantine influence remained the social and cultural cachet of the empire.

The present study focuses on seals of known provenance that are related to the coasts of the Adriatic and the Ionian Sea, with the exception of Sicily. A corpus of sixty-three seals was formed, dating mainly between the ninth and the eleventh centuries. It can be divided into two categories: seals found in the area under consideration (thirty specimens) and seals that originated from the Adriatic, but were found outside its limits (thirty-three specimens). On the basis of this evidence, the study comments on the circulation of seals, the trends observed in that respect and their conformity to the principle of territoriality, according to which seals tend to be found within, or in the vicinity of, the area in which they were issued. This principle, which seems to be prevalent to the rest of the empire, is not applied catholically in the case of the Adriatic, since the eastern, Balkan rim diverges from it. If this is not a consequence of the lack of published material, then perhaps it can be attributed to the significance of this region as a frontier zone in the periphery of Byzantium, linking the Italian possessions to the centre.

The fifteenth century was decisive for establishing Venetian rule along the Eastern coast of the Adriatic. For decades, historiography on the topic has been rather fragmented between national historiographies that barely examined the region as a whole and a few scattered attempts at international Mediterranean studies. This essay seeks to reflect recent discussions on Venetian statehood and current research in Croatian and Albanian historiography.

The crusading activity of Venice, more than that of any other participating society, was influenced by other activities and concerns, due to the range and depth of its commercial and strategic interests in theatres of conflict and along transit routes. Its role was reshaped over time by shifts in the geographical configurations of both crusading activity and Venetian interests. In the early decades of crusading, in which the forces of the maritime powers autonomously complemented the activities of other crusaders, crusading action was mingled with the assertion of Venetian prerogatives in the Adriatic and the Byzantine sphere. The shift from land to sea routes linked the role of the maritime cities increasingly to transport and escort of the armies of others, and hence to their geographical position as nodes on transit routes. The diversion to other routes of many of the crusaders from its natural catchment area as a port undercut Venice’s crusading prominence in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with the signal exception of the Fourth Crusade. Venice’s participation in late medieval crusading was constrained to varying degrees by the distribution of its territorial and commercial interests in the areas dominated by different powers.

Recent publications on Venice have started looking at the history of the migration from Dalmatia, Albania and Greece to Venice. The migrants came from the Balkans ravaged by wars and poverty to the metropolis which needed men for its army and rowers for its galleys. The increased influx of migrants began in the decade between 1430 and 1440 due to the Turkish threat. This chapter concerns itself with the manner in which the migrants affected the urban tissue of Venice in the fifteenth century. Which parts of Venice were inhabited by which migrant groups and what can this tell us about the socio-anthropological makeup of the city? After all, the impact the migrants was demographic and socio-economic. More specifically, the foundation of particular confraternities can be linked to particular ethnic groups. This chapter demonstrates the manner in which the cult of certain saints and devotional practices including the translation of relics affirmed Venice as the Mediterranean powerhouse.