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This book traces the emergence of the South Indian city of Kanchi as a major royal capital and multireligious pilgrimage destination during the era of the Pallava and Chola dynasties (ca. seventh through thirteenth centuries). It presents the first-ever comprehensive picture of historical Kanchi, locating the city and its more than 100 spectacular Hindu temples at the heart of commercial and artistic exchange that spanned India, Southeast Asia, and China. The author demonstrates that Kanchi was structured with a hidden urban plan, which determined the placement and orientation of temples around a central thoroughfare that was also a burgeoning pilgrimage route. Moving outwards from the city, she shows how the transportation networks, river systems, residential enclaves, and agrarian estates all contributed to the vibrancy of Kanchi's temple life. The construction and ongoing renovation of temples in and around the city, she concludes, has enabled Kanchi to thrive continuously from at least the eighth century, through the colonial period, and up until the present.
Chapter 6 examines the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition which marks the third stage of the demographic prehistory of Palaeolithic Europe: expansion. This stage coincides with two important events – the extinction of the Neanderthals and the arrival into Europe by early Homo sapiens. These events are examined through the lens of the expansion of social lives and the increased interconnectivity of regional groups by early European Homo sapiens.
Chapter 8 summarises the new four stage demographic prehistory of Palaeolithic Europe developed in this book, identifies the ongoing challenges in reconstructing Palaeolithic population histories and places the evidence from Europe in its global context.
Chapter 4 discusses the Lower Palaeolithic populations who lived during the first stage of the demographic prehistory of Palaeolithic Europe: visitation. Substantial differences in the demographic records of the Early and Middle Pleistocene are seen in this visitation stage, but Europe was a continental population sink throughout.
Demographic data from recent hunter-gatherers are frequently used to supplement the database available for prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Through the lens of Human Behaviour Ecology, Chapter 3 analyses demographic data from recent foragers, identifies common population controls and constraints and uses these to develop some expectations for Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers.
During the fourth and final stage of the demographic prehistory of Palaeolithic Europe, people intensified both their presence on the European landscape and their social and material lives. Chapter 7 discusses the developments that occurred within this intensification stage, as well as the demographic effects of the Last Glacial Maximum.
Chapter 1 introduces the key issues in Palaeolithic palaeodemography, the four-stage model of the demographic prehistory of Palaeolithic Europe developed in this book, and the social approach adopted which focuses on the role of women and children as drivers of population change, and the distinction between small and small-scale societies.
The Neanderthals of the Middle Palaeolithic occupied Europe during the second demographic stage: residency. The Neanderthal metapopulation persisted for hundreds of thousands of years, but variation in the intensity of their presence suggest a complex pattern of population growth and decline, including regular extinctions linked to the ‘small-scale’ nature and comparative isolation of many Neanderthal groups.
Stones (archaeology), bones, and genes are the three main data sources for reconstructing demography in the Palaeolithic. Chapter 2 discusses the main methods associated with each of these data sources and explains why a ‘multi-proxy’ approach is necessary.