Abbott, Richard H. 1986. The Republican Party and the South, 1855–1877. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Acheson, Sam Hanna. 1932. Joe Bailey: The Last Democrat. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John H. 1993. “Rational Choice Theory and the Study of American Politics.” In The Dynamics of American Politics, eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Jillson, Calvin. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aldrich, John H., Berger, Mark M., and Rohde, David W.. 2002. “The Historical Variability in Conditional Party Government, 1877–1994.” In Parties, Procedure and Policy: Essays on the History of Congress, eds. Brady, David W. and McCubbins, Mathew D.. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 17–35.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John H., and Rohde, David W.. 1997. “Balance of Power: Republican Party Leadership and the Committee System in the 104th House.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John H., and Rohde, David W.. 1998. “Measuring Conditional Party Government.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John H., and Rohde, David W.. 2000. “The Consequences of Party Organization in the House: The Role of the Majority and Minority Parties in Conditional Party Government.” In Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, eds. Bond, Jon R. and Fleisher, Richard. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 31–72.Google Scholar

Alexander, DeAlva Stanwood. 1916. History and Procedure of the House of Representatives. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Altman, O. R. 1937. “First Session of the Seventy-fifth Congress, January 5, 1937, to August 21, 1937.” American Political Science Review 31 (6): 1071–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Annis, J. Lee. 1995. Howard Baker: Conciliator in an Age of Crisis. Lanham, Md.: Madison Books.Google Scholar

Annis, J. Lee. 2019. “William H. ‘Bill’ Frist, MD: ‘The Doctor as Leader.’” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 209–40.Google Scholar

Arrow, Kenneth Joseph. 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Bach, Stanley. 1991. “The Senate’s Compliance with Its Legislative Rules: The Appeal of Order.” Congress & the Presidency 18 (1): 77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bach, Stanley. 1997. “Rules, Rulings, and the Rule of Law in Congress.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill.Google Scholar

Bach, Stanley, and Smith, Steven S.. 1988. Managing Uncertainty in the House of Representatives: Adaptation and Innovation in Special Rules. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Bacon, Donald C. 1991. “Joseph Taylor Robinson: The Good Soldier.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 63–97.Google Scholar

Bailey, Christopher J. 1988. The Republican Party in the U.S. Senate: 1974–1984, Party Change and Institutional Development. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Bair, Sheila. 2007. Interview, December 17, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Baker, Bobby. 2013. “Oral History Interview with Bobby Baker.” Politico Magazine, November 19, 2013.Google Scholar

Baker, Howard. 2007. Interview with Senator Howard Baker, Jr., March 1, 2007, April 13, 2007, May 7, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Baker, Richard A. 1988. The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History. Malabar, Fla.: Robert E. Krieger.Google Scholar

Baker, Richard A., and Davidson, Roger H.. 1991. “Introduction.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1–6.Google Scholar

Baker, Robert Gene. 1978. Wheeling and Dealing: Confessions of a Capitol Hill Operator. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Baker, Robert. 2009. Oral history interviews with Robert G. Baker. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Baker, Ross. 1991. “Mike Mansfield and the Birth of the Modern Senate.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 264–96.Google Scholar

Baker, Ross. 2018. Is Bipartisanship Dead? A Report from the Senate. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Baker, Ross. 2019. “Leave It to Harry: Harry Reid as Democratic Leader.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 240–71.Google Scholar

Barfield, Claude E. 1965. “The Democratic Party in Congress, 1909–1913.” Ph.D. diss., Department of History, Northwestern University.Google Scholar

Barfield, Claude E. 1970. “‘Our Share of the Booty’: The Democratic Party, Cannonism, and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.” Journal of American History 57 (2): 308–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barkley, Alben W. 1954. That Reminds Me. New York: Doubleday & Company.Google Scholar

Bateman, David A., Katznelson, Ira, and Lapinski, John S.. 2018. Southern Nation: Congress and White Supremacy after Reconstruction. New York and Princeton, N.J.: Russell Sage Foundation and Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Baumer, Donald C. 1992. “Senate Democratic Leadership in the 101st Congress.” In The Atomistic Congress, eds. Hertzke, Allen D. and Peters, Ronald M.. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Baumer, Donald C., and Gold, Howard J.. 2010. Parties, Polarization and Democracy. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Baumol, William. 1952. Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bawn, Kathleen. 1998. “Congressional Party Leadership: Utilitarian versus Majoritarian Incentives.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23 (2): 219–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, Charles A. 1910. American Government and Politics. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Beeman, Richard R. 1968. “Unlimited Debate in the Senate: The First Phase.” Political Science Quarterly 83 (3): 419–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benedict, Michael Les. 1974. A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863–1869. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Bensel, Richard R. 1984. Sectionalism and American Political Development, 1880–1980. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Benton, Thomas Hart. 1856. Thirty Years’ View; or, a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850. Vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton and Company.Google Scholar

Berdahl, Clarence A. 1949. “Some Notes on Party Membership in Congress, I.” American Political Science Review 43 (2): 309–21.Google Scholar

Berg, A. Scott. 2013. Wilson. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.Google Scholar

Binder, Sarah. 1996. “The Partisan Basis of Procedural Choice: Allocating Parliamentary Rights in the House, 1789–1990.” American Political Science Review 90 (1): 8–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binder, Sarah. 1997. Minority Rights, Majority Rule: Partisanship and the Development of Congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binder, Sarah. 2020. “How We (Should?) Study Congress and History.” Public Choice 185: 415–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binder, Sarah, Madonna, Anthony J., and Smith, Steven S.. 2007. “Going Nuclear, Senate Style.” Perspectives on Politics 5 (4): 729–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binder, Sarah, and Smith, Steven S.. 1997. Politics or Principle? Filibustering in the United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.Google Scholar

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–1989. 1989. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–Present. 2021. https://bioguideretro.congress.govGoogle Scholar

Black, Duncan. 1958. The Theory of Committees and Elections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bogue, Allan G. 1981. The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Bogue, Allan G. 1989. The Congressman’s Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogue, Allan G., and Marlaire, Mark Paul. 1975. “Of Mess and Men: The Boardinghouse and Congressional Voting, 1821–1842.” American Journal of Political Science 19 (2): 207–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, Jon R., and Fleisher, Richard. 1990. The President in the Legislative Arena. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Bone, Hugh A. 1956a. “An Introduction to the Senate Policy Committees.” American Political Science Review 50 (2): 339–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bone, Hugh A. 1956b. “Some Notes on the Congressional Campaign Committees.” Western Political Quarterly 9 (1): 116–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bone, Hugh A. 1968. Party Committees and National Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Bowers, Claude G. 1918. The Life of John Worth Kern. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hollenbeck Press.Google Scholar

Bowers, Claude G. 1932. Beveridge and the Progressive Era. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Bradley, Phillips. 1925. “The Farm Bloc.” Journal of Social Forces 3 (4): 714–18.Google Scholar

Brady, David W. 1973. Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era: A Comparison of the McKinley House to the Modern House. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar

Brady, David W. 1988. Critical Elections and Congressional Policy Making. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, David, Brody, Richard, and Epstein, David. 1989. “Heterogeneous Parties and Political Organization: The U.S. Senate, 1880–1920.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (2): 205–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, David, and Epstein, David. 1997. “Intraparty Preferences, Heterogeneity, and the Origins of the Modern Congress: Progressive Reformers in the House and Senate, 1890–1920.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 13 (1): 26–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brands, H. W. 2018. Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Brant, Irving. 1953. James Madison: Secretary of State, 1800–1809. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar

Brown, Everett Somerville, ed. 1923. William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807. New York: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, George Rothwell. 1922. The Leadership of Congress. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar

Browne, William P. 1988. Private Interests, Public Policy, and American Agriculture. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar

Bryce, James. 1891. The American Commonwealth. 2nd ed., rev. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bullock, Charles S. III. 1976. “Motivations for U.S. Congressional Committee Preferences: Freshmen of the 92nd Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 1 (2): 201–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burdette, Franklin L. 1940. Filibustering in the Senate. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Burke, Sheila. 2016. “Sheila Burke Oral History: Chief of Staff to Robert Dole, Senate Finance Committee Aide.” Edward M. Kennedy Institute.Google Scholar

Burnham, James. 1959. Congress and the American Tradition. Chicago, Ill.: Henry Regnery Company.Google Scholar

Byrd, Robert C. 1988. The Senate, 1789–1989. Vol. 1. Addresses on the History of the United States Senate. 100th Cong., 1st Sess. S. Doc. 100-20. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Byrd, Robert C. 1991. The Senate, 1789–1989. Vol. 2. Addresses on the History of the United States Senate. 100th Cong., 1st. Sess. S. Doc. 100-20. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Byrd, Robert C. 1993. The Senate, 1789–1989. Vol. 4. Historical Statistics, 1789–1992. 100th Cong., 1st Sess. S. Doc. 100-20. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Calhoun, Charles W. 2005. Benjamin Harrison. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar

Calvert, Randall L. 1987. “Coordination and Power: The Foundation of Leadership Among Rational Legislators.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill.Google Scholar

Campbell, Colton C. 2019. Leadership in the U.S. Senate. New York: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Cannon, Clarence. 1944. Democratic Manual of the Democratic National Convention, 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Democratic National Committee.Google Scholar

Canon, David T., and Stewart, Charles III. 2002. “Parties and Hierarchies in Senate Committees, 1789–1946.” In U.S. Senate Exceptionalism, ed. Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 157–81.Google Scholar

Caro, Robert A. 2002. The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar

Carroll, E. Malcolm. 1925. Origins of the Whig Party. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Carter, Jimmy. 1982. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. New York: Bantam Books.Google Scholar

Carter, Richard B. 2001. Clearing New Ground: The Life of John G. Townsend, Jr. Dover: Delaware Heritage Press.Google Scholar

Chambers, William Nisbet. 1963. Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Chilton, Horace. 1908. “Portraits of U.S. Senators.” Papers, unpublished. Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar

Claasen, Aage. 1973. How Congressmen Decide: A Policy Focus. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Coase, Ronald H. 1960. “The Problem of Social Cost.” Journal of Law and Economics 3 (1): 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coleman, Charles H. [1933] 1971. The Election of 1868: The Democratic Effort to Regain Control. New York: Octagon Books.Google Scholar

Collier, Ken. 1994. “Eisenhower and Congress: The Autopilot Presidency.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 24 (2): 309–25.Google Scholar

Committee on Rules, U.S. House of Representatives. 1983. A History of the Committee on Rules. 97th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Congressional Quarterly. 1976. Origins and Development of Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.Google Scholar

Connelly, William P. Jr. 1991. “Party Policy Committees in Congress.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Seattle, Wash.Google Scholar

Coolidge, L. A. 1901. “Senator Aldrich: The Most Influential Man in Congress.” Ainslee’s Magazine 8 (5): 405–13.Google Scholar

Cooper, Joseph. 1970. The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House. Typescript: Rice University.Google Scholar

Cooper, Joseph, and Brady, David W.. 1981. “Institutional Context and Leadership Style: The House from Cannon to Rayburn.” American Political Science Review 75 (2): 411–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corbin, David A. 2012. The Last Great Senator: Robert C. Byrd’s Encounters with Eleven U.S. Presidents. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 2005. Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crespin, Michael H., Madonna, Anthony, Sievert, Joel, and Ament-Stone, Nathaniel. 2015. “The Establishment of the Party Policy Committees in the U.S. Senate: Coordination, Not Coercion.” Social Science Quarterly 96 (1): 34–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cullom, Shelby M. 1911. Fifty Years of Public Service. Chicago, Ill.: A. C. McClurg & Co.Google Scholar

Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. 1957. The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. 1963. The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations, 1801–1809. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Cunningham, Noble E. Jr., ed. 1965. The Making of the American Party System, 1789 to 1809. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Dailey, Jane. 2004. “White Supremacy.” In The American Congress: The Building of Democracy, ed. Zelizer, Julian E.. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 250–67.Google Scholar

Darilek, Richard E. 1976. A Loyal Opposition in Time of War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Daschle, Tom. 2003. Like No Other Time: Two Years that Changed America. New York: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar

Daschle, Tom. 2007. Interview with Sen. Tom Daschle, May 25, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Daschle, Tom. 2009. Interview, by Brien Williams, April 20, 2009. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Davidson, Roger H. 1985. “Senate Leaders: Janitors for an Untidy Chamber?” In Congress Reconsidered, 3rd ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 225–52.Google Scholar

Davidson, Roger H., and Oleszek, Walter J.. 1977. Congress Against Itself. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Davidson, Roger H., Oleszek, Walter J., and Davis, Edward M. III. 1982. “Changing the Guard in the United States Senate, 1981.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Denver, Colo.Google Scholar

Davis, Christopher M. 2015. The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office. CRS Report RL30960. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar

Davis, Lula J. 2009. Interview, by Brien Williams, August 17, 2009. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Davis, Polly Ann. 1979. Alben W. Barkley: Senate Majority Leader and Vice President. New York: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar

DeArment, Roderick A. 2007. Interview, March 1, 2007, April 13, 2007, August 17, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Deason, Brian. 2019. Proud Democrat: Scott Lucas of Illinois, Senate Majority Leader. Published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (Kindle Direct Publishing).Google Scholar

Deering, Christopher J., and Smith, Steven S.. 1985. “Subcommittees in Congress.” In Congress Reconsidered, 3rd ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 189–210.Google Scholar

Democratic National Committee. 1876. The Campaign Textbook. New York: Democratic National Committee.Google Scholar

Democratic National Committee. 1952. Democratic Manual. Prepared by Cannon, Clarence. Washington, D.C.: Democratic National Committee.Google Scholar

Democratic Policy Committee, U.S. Senate. 2007. A History of the Democratic Policy Committee: 1947–2007. Democratic Policy Committee. www.dpc.senate.gov/pdf/dpchistory.pdfGoogle Scholar

Den Hartog, Chris, and Monroe, Nathan W.. 2011. Agenda Setting in the U.S. Senate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dion, Douglas. 1997. Turning the Legislative Thumbscrew: Minority Rights and Procedural Change in Legislative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DiSalvo, Daniel. 2009. “Party Factions in Congress.” Congress & the Presidency 36 (1): 27–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doherty, Brendan J. 2007. “Meeting the Challenges of Senate Leadership.” PS: Political Science and Politics 40 (2): 422–24.Google Scholar

Dole, Bob. 1989. Historical Almanac of the United States Senate. 100th Cong., 2nd Sess. S. Doc. 100-35.Google Scholar

Dole, Robert J. 2007. Interview, December 14, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Dole, Robert J. 2009. Interview, by Brien Williams, September 22, 2009. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Donnelly, Thomas Claude. 1930. “Party Leadership in the United States Senate.” Ph.D. diss., New York University.Google Scholar

Dove, Bob. 2008. Interview, March 27, 2008. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Drury, Allen. 1963. A Senate Journal. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Dyche, John David. 2009. Republican Leader: A Political Biography of Senator Mitch McConnell. Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books.Google Scholar

Ehrenhalt, Alan. 1982. “In the Senate of the 1980s, Team Spirit Has Given Way to the Rule of Individuals.” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (September 4): 2175–79.Google Scholar

Evans, C. Lawrence. 2018. The Whips: Building Coalitions in Congress. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, C. Lawrence, and Lipinski, Daniel. 2005. “Holds, Legislation, and the Senate Parties.” Paper presented at the Conference on Senate Parties, Oxford University.Google Scholar

Evans, C. Lawrence, and Olezsek, Walter. 1997. Congress under Fire: Reform Politics and the Republican Majority. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Evans, C. Lawrence, and Olezsek, Walter. 2001. “Message Politics and Senate Procedure.” In The Contentious Senate: Partisanship, Ideology, and the Myth of Cool Judgment, eds. Campbell, Colton C. and Rae, Nicol C.. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 107–27.Google Scholar

Evans, Roland, and Novak, Robert D.. 1966. Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power, A Political Biography. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar

Farley, James A. 1948. The Jim Farley Story: The Roosevelt Years. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Farrand, Max, ed. 1966. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. 4 vols. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Fenno, Richard F. Jr. 1973. Congressmen in Committees. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar

Fenno, Richard F. Jr. 1989. “The Senate through the Looking Glass: The Debate over Television.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (3): 313–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fenno, Richard F. Jr. 1997. Learning to Govern: An Institutional View of the 104th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.Google Scholar

Ferris, Charles D. 2004. Oral history interviews with Charles D. Ferris, Staff Director, Senate Democratic Policy Committee (1963–77), April 5, 2004–September 23, 2009. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Fess, Simeon. 1910. History of Political Theory and Party Organization in the United States. Boston, Mass.: Ginn & Co.Google Scholar

Fiorina, Morris P., and Shepsle, Kenneth. 1989. “Formal Theories of Leadership: Agents, Agenda-Setters, and Entrepreneurs.” In Leadership and Politics: New Perspectives in Political Science, ed. Jones, Bryan D.. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 17–40.Google Scholar

Foer, Franklin. 2004. “Center Forward? The Fate of the New Democrats.” In Varieties of Progressivism in America, ed. Berkowitz, Peter. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, 87–104.Google Scholar

Foley, Michael. 1980. The New Senate: Liberal Influence on a Conservative Institution, 1959–1972. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Foote, Joe S., and Weber, David J.. 1984. “Network Evening News Visibility of Congressmen and Senators.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Gainesville, Fla.Google Scholar

Foote, Joe S., and Davis, Dennis K.. 1987. “Network Visibility of Congressional Leaders, 1969–1985.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, Montreal, Canada, May 22–25.Google Scholar

Fowler, Dorothy Ganfield. 1961. John Coit Spooner: Defender of Presidents. New York: University Publishers.Google Scholar

Franken, Al. 2019. “A Conversation with Former Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid.” The Al Franken Podcast, October 6, 2019.Google Scholar

Freeman, Joanne B. 2018. The Field of Blood: Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar

Frist, William H. 1999. Tennessee Senators, 1911–2001: Portraits of Leadership in a Century of Change. Lanham, Md.: Madison Books.Google Scholar

Frohlich, Norman, Oppenheimer, Joe, and Young, Oran. 1971. Political Leadership and Collective Goods. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Fry, William Henry. 1860. Republican “Campaign” Text-Book, for the Year 1860. New York: A. B. Burdick.Google Scholar

Furber, George P. 1893. Precedents Relating to the Privileges of the Senate of the United States. 52nd Cong., 2nd Sess. S. Misc. Doc. 68.Google Scholar

Galloway, George. 1953. The Legislative Process in Congress. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.Google Scholar

Galston, William. 2004. “Incomplete Victory.” In Varieties of Progressivism in America, ed. Berkowitz, Peter. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 59–85.Google Scholar

Gamm, Gerald, and Shepsle, Kenneth. 1989. “Emergence of Legislative Institutions: Standing Committees in the House and Senate, 1810–1825.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (1): 39–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamm, Gerald, and Smith, Steven S.. 2000. “Last Among Equals: The Senate’s Presiding Officer.” In Esteemed Colleagues: Civility and Deliberation in the U.S. Senate, ed. Loomis, Burdett A.. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 105–37.Google Scholar

Gamm, Gerald, and Smith, Steven S.. 2002a. “Emergence of Senate Party Leadership.” In U.S. Senate Exceptionalism, ed. Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 212–38.Google Scholar

Gamm, Gerald, and Smith, Steven S.. 2002b. “Policy Leadership and the Development of the Modern Senate.” In Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress, eds. Brady, David W. and McCubbins, Mathew D.. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 287–311.Google Scholar

Garraty, John A. 1953. Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Gilfry, Henry H. 1911. President of the Senate Pro Tempore. 62nd Cong., 1st. Sess. S. Doc. 104.Google Scholar

Goldstein, Warren. 1989. Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Gonzalez, Darryl J. 2010. The Children Who Ran for Congress: A History of Congressional Pages. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, Doris Kearns. 1976. Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Goodwin, Doris Kearns. 2005. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Gould, Lewis L. 2005. The Most Exclusive Club: A History of the Modern United States Senate. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Granat, Diane. 1983. “Ruling Rambunctious Senate Proves to Be Thorny Problem for Republican Leader Baker.” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (July 16): 1427–32.Google Scholar

Granthan, Dewey W. 1958. Hoke Smith and the Politics of the New South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar

Greene, Howard O. 2007. Interview, July 11, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Greenstein, Fred. 1982. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Griffin, Patrick. 2009. Interview, by Brien Williams. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Gross, Donald A. 1984. “Changing Patterns of Voting Agreement Among Senatorial Leadership, 1947–1976.” Western Political Quarterly 37 (1): 120–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groves, Charles S. 2012. Henry Cabot Lodge: The Statesman. Boston, Mass.: Small, Maynard & Company.Google Scholar

Gugin, Linda C., and St. Clair, James E.. 1997. Sherman Minton: New Deal Senator, Cold War Justice. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society.Google Scholar

Hale, Jon F. 1995. “The Making of the New Democrats.” Political Science Quarterly 110 (2): 207–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hansen, John Mark. 1991. Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919–1981. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hanson, Peter. 2019. “Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 150–87.Google Scholar

Hare, Christopher, and Poole, Keith T.. 2014. “The Polarization of Contemporary American Politics.” Polity 46 (3): 411–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harlow, Ralph V. 1917. The History of Legislative Methods in the Period before 1825. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hatch, Louis C. 1934. A History of the Vice-Presidency of the United States. New York: American Historical Society.Google Scholar

Hatcher, Andrea C. 2010. Majority Leadership in the U.S. Senate. Amherst, N.Y.: Cambria Press.Google Scholar

Hatfield, Mark O. 1997. Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993. 104th Cong., 2nd Sess. S. Doc. 104-126. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Hathorn, Guy B. 1956. “Congressional and Senatorial Campaign Committees in the Mid-term Election Year 1954.” Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 37 (3): 207–21.Google Scholar

Haughton, Virginia F. 1973. “John Worth Kern and Wilson’s New Freedom: A Study of a Senate Majority Leader.” Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky.Google Scholar

Haynes, George H. 1906. The Election of Senators. New York: Henry Holt and Company.Google Scholar

Haynes, George H. 1938. The Senate of the United States: Its History and Practice. 2 vols. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Hechler, Kenneth W. 1940. Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herring, E. Pendleton. 1932. “American Government and Politics: First Session of the Seventy-second Congress, December 7, 1931, to July 16, 1932.” American Political Science Review 26 (5): 846–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herring, E. Pendleton. 1933. “American Government and Politics: Second Session of the Seventy-second Congress, December 5, 1932, to March 4, 1933.” American Political Science Review 27 (3): 404–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herring, E. Pendleton. 1934. “American Government and Politics: First Session of the Seventy-third Congress, March 9, 1933, to June 16, 1933.” American Political Science Review 28 (1): 65–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herrnson, Paul S. 2009. “The Roles of Party Organizations, Party-Connected Committees, and Party Allies in Elections.” Journal of Politics 71 (4): 1207–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hertzke, Allen D., and Peters, Ronald. 1992. The Atomistic Congress. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Hess, Stephen. 1981. The Washington Reporters. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Hess, Stephen. 1986. The Ultimate Insiders: U.S. Senators in the National Media. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.Google Scholar

Hess, Stephen. 1991. Live from Capitol Hill: Studies of Congress and the Media. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.Google Scholar

Hess, Stephen. 1994. “The Decline and Fall of Congressional News.” In Congress, the Press, and the Public, eds. Mann, Thomas and Ornstein, Norman J.. Washington, D.C.: Brookings and American Enterprise Institute, 151–56.Google Scholar

Hildenbrand, William F. 1985. Oral history interviews, March 20, 1985–May 6, 1985. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

History, Rules, and Precedents of the Senate Republican Conference, 105th Congress. 1997.Google Scholar

History, Rules, and Precedents of the Senate Republican Conference, 117th Congress. 2022.Google Scholar

Hoar, George F. 1903. Autobiography of Seventy Years. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

Hollingsworth, J. Rogers. 1963. The Whirligig of Politics: The Democracy of Cleveland and Bryan. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Holt, James. 1967. Congressional Insurgents and the Party System, 1909–1916. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Holt, Michael F. 1999. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Holt, W. Stull. 1933. Treaties Defeated by the Senate. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Holt, Wythe W. Jr. 1975. “The Senator from Virginia and the Democratic Floor Leadership.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 83 (1): 3–21.Google Scholar

Howard, Nicholas O., and Roberts, Jason M.. 2015. “The Politics of Obstruction: Republican Holds in the U.S. Senate.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 40 (2): 273–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howe, Daniel Walker. 2007. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huitt, Ralph K. 1961. “Democratic Party Leadership in the Senate.” American Political Science Review 55 (2): 333–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hulsey, Byron C. 2000. Everett Dirksen and His Presidents. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar

Humbert, W. H. 1932. “The Democratic Joint Policy Committee.” American Political Science Review 26 (3): 552–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States: From George Washington, 1789, to Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1965. 1965. 89th Cong., 1st Sess. H. Doc. 51. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Jenkins, Jeffery A., McCarty, Nolan, and Stewart, Charles III. 2020. “Learning from Each Other: Causal Inference and American Political Development.” Public Choice 185: 245–51.Google Scholar

Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Peck, Justin. 2013. “Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1941–1950.” Law and History Review 31 (1): 139–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Peck, Justin. 2021. Congress and the First Civil Rights Era, 1861–1918. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Stewart, Charles III. 2013. Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Jentleson, Adam. 2021. Kill Switch: The Rise of the Modern Senate and the Crippling of American Democracy. New York: Liveright.Google Scholar

Jewell, Malcolm E. 1962. Senatorial Politics and Foreign Policy. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, Evans C. 1980. Oscar W. Underwood: A Political Biography. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, Roger T. 1964. Robert M. La Follette, Jr., and the Decline of the Progressive Party in Wisconsin. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, for the Department of History, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar

Johnstone, Robert M. Jr. 1978. Jefferson and the Presidency: Leadership in the Young Republic. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, Charles O. 1970. The Minority Party in Congress. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Jones, Charles O. 1976. “Senate Party Leadership in Public Policy.” In Policymaking Role of Leadership in the Senate. Compilation of papers prepared for the Commission on the Operation of the Senate, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 18–33.Google Scholar

Josephy, Alvin M. Jr. 1979. On the Hill: A History of the American Congress. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. 2005. When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. 2011. “Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development.” In The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, eds. Schickler, Eric and Lee, Frances E.. New York: Oxford University Press, 115–38.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. 2013. Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: Liveright.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira, and Lapinski, John S.. 2006. “At the Crossroads: Congress and American Political Development.” Perspectives on Politics 4 (2): 243–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keith, Robert. 1977. “The Use of Unanimous Consent in the Senate.” In U.S. Senate, Committees and Senate Procedures. 94th Cong., 2nd Sess.Google Scholar

Keller, Morton. 1977. Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kelly, Howard A., and Burrage, Walter L.. 1920. American Medical Biographies. Baltimore, Md.: Norman, Remington Co.Google Scholar

Kelly, Sean Q. 1995a. “Democratic Leadership in the Modern Senate: The Emerging Roles of the Democratic Policy Committee.” Congress & the Presidency 22 (2): 113–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kelly, Sean Q. 1995b. “Passing the Torch: Generational Change and the Selection of the Senate Democratic Leader in the 104th Congress.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill.Google Scholar

Kerr, Clara Hannah. 1895. The Origin and Development of the United States Senate. Ithaca, N.Y.: Andrus & Church.Google Scholar

Kiepper, James J. 2001. Styles Bridges: Yankee Senator. Sugar Hill, N.H.: Phoenix Publishing.Google Scholar

Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1991. The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Kimmitt, J. Stanley. 2001. Oral history interviews with J. Stanley Kimmitt, Secretary for the Majority (1965–76) and Secretary of the Senate (1977–81), February 15, 2001–October 9, 2002. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Kinney, Charles L. 2009. Interview, by Diane Dewhirst, July 27, 2009. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Kirsch, George B. 1989. The Creation of American Team Sports: Baseball and Cricket, 1838–72. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Klinkner, Philip. 1999. “Democratic Party Ideology in the 1990s: New Democrats or Modern Republicans?” In The Politics of Ideas: Intellectual Challenges Facing the American Political Parties, eds. White, John K. and Green, John C.. Albany: State University of New York Press, 113–31.Google Scholar

Klotz, Robert. 2022. Thomas Brackett Reed: The Gilded Age Speaker Who Made the Rules for American Politics. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koger, Gregory. 2010. Filibustering: A Political History of Obstruction in the House and Senate. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koger, Gregory, and Lebo, Matthew J.. 2017. Strategic Party Government: Why Winning Trumps Ideology. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kolodny, Robin. 1998. Pursuing Majorities: Congressional Campaign Committees in American Politics. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Kravitz, Walter. Circa 1971. “The United States Senate: An Interpretive History.” Unpublished manuscript, Senate Historical Office.Google Scholar

Krout, John A., ed. 1928. “Henry J. Raymond on the Republican Caucuses of July, 1866.” American Historical Review 33 (4): 835–42.Google Scholar

Lambert, John R. Jr. 1953. Arthur Pue Gorman. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar

Lambert, John R. Jr., ed. 1963. “The Autobiographical Writings of Senator Arthur Pue Gorman.” Maryland Historical Magazine 58 (2, 3): 93–122, 233–46.Google Scholar

Latner, Richard B. 1978. “The Kitchen Cabinet and Andrew Jackson’s Advisory System.” Journal of American History 65 (2): 367–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, Frances. 2009. Beyond Ideology: Politics, Principles, and Partisanship in the U.S. Senate. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, Frances. 2016. Insecure Majorities: Congress and the Perpetual Campaign. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Letchworth, Elizabeth. 2010. Oral history interviews with Elizabeth Letchworth, Page Floor Assistant, Republican Party Secretary, 1975–2001, October 5, 2010–March 21, 2012. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Lewis, Jeffrey B., Poole, Keith, Rosenthal, Howard, Boche, Adam, Rudkin, Aaron, and Luke, Sonnet. 2020. Voteview: Congressional Roll Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/Google Scholar

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Rice, Tom W.. 1992. Forecasting Elections. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.Google Scholar

Libbey, James K. 2016. Alben Barkley: A Life in Politics. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1893. “The Struggle in the Senate: Obstruction in the Senate.” North American Review 157 (444): 523–29.Google Scholar

Loomis, Burdett. 1991. “Everett M. Dirksen: The Consummate Minority Leader.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 236–63.Google Scholar

Loomis, Burdett. 2019. “Bob Dole’s Leadership: The Partisan Dealmaker.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 103–26.Google Scholar

Lott, Trent. 2005. Herding Cats: A Life in Politics. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar

Lott, Trent. 2007. Interview, June 20, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Luce, Robert. 1922. Legislative Procedure: Parliamentary Practices and the Course of Business in the Framing of Statutes. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Lynch, Michael, Madonna, Anthony, Owens, Mark, and Williamson, Ryan D.. 2018. “The Vice President in the U.S. Senate: Examining the Consequences of Institutional Design.” Congress & the Presidency 45 (2): 145–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacGillis, Alec. 2014. The Cynic: The Political Education of Mitch McConnell. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Mackaman, Frank H. 1981. Understanding Congressional Leadership. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.Google Scholar

Maclay, Edgar S., ed. 1890. Journal of William Maclay: United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789–1791. New York: D. Appleton and Company.Google Scholar

Macmahon, Arthur W. 1930. “First Session of the Seventy-first Congress.” American Political Science Review 24 (1): 38–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacNeil, Neil. 1970. Dirksen: Portrait of a Public Man. New York: World Publishing.Google Scholar

MacNeil, Neil, and Baker, Richard A.. 2013. The American Senate: An Insider’s History. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Macy, Jesse. 1918. Party Organization and Machinery. New York: The Century Co.Google Scholar

Madden, James William. 1929. Charles Allen Culberson: His Life, Character and Public Service. Austin, Tex.: Gammel’s Book Store.Google Scholar

Madonna, Anthony J. 2012. “Senate Rules and Procedure: Revisiting the Bank Bill of 1841 and the Development of Senate Obstruction.” In New Directions in Congressional Politics, ed. Carson, Jamie L.. New York: Routledge, 126–42.Google Scholar

Magleby, David B. 2011. “How the 2008 Elections Were Financed.” In The Change Election, ed. Magleby, David B.. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 27–51.Google Scholar

Malbin, Michael. 1980. Unelected Representatives. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Malsberger, John W. 1987. “The Transformation of Republican Conservatism: The U.S. Senate, 1938–1952.” Congress & the Presidency 14 (1): 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, Janet M. 2019. “George J. Mitchell: Majority Leader.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 127–49.Google Scholar

Matthews, Donald. 1960. U.S. Senators & Their World. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

McCluney, Joyce. 2008. Interview, January 23, 2008. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

McConachie, Lauros G. 1898. Congressional Committees: A Study of the Origins and Development of Our National and Local Legislative Methods. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Google Scholar

McConnell, Mitch. 2016. The Long Game: A Memoir. New York: Sentinel.Google Scholar

McConnell, Mitch, and Brownell, Roy E. II. 2019. The U.S. Senate and the Commonwealth: Kentucky Lawmakers and the Evolution of Legislative Leadership. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCormick, Richard P. 1982. The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McFarland, Ernest W. 1979. Mac: The Autobiography of Ernest W. McFarland. S.l.: McFarland.Google Scholar

McKenna, Brian. n.d. “Arthur Gorman.” SABR Baseball Biography Project, Society for American Baseball Research.Google Scholar

McMillan, James Elton. 2004. Ernest W. McFarland: Majority Leader of the Senate, Governor and Chief Justice of Arizona. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum Press.Google Scholar

McPherson, James M. 1988. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Menefee-Libey, David J. 1989. “The Politics of National Party Organization: The Democrats from 1968 to 1986.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Merk, Frederick. 1967. The Oregon Question: Essays in Anglo-American Diplomacy and Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merriam, Charles Edward, and Gosnell, Harold Foote. 1929. The American Party System: An Introduction to the Study of Political Parties in the United States. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Merrill, Horace Samuel, and Merrill, Marion Galbraith. 1971. The Republican Command: 1897–1913. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar

Merry, Robert W. 1991. “Robert A. Taft: A Study in the Accumulation of Legislative Power.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 163–98.Google Scholar

Miller, James A. 1986. Running in Place: Inside the Senate. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Mitchell, George J. 2007. Interview, April 7, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Mitchell, George J. 2008. Interview (2), by Andrea L’Hommedieu and Mike Hastings, September 11, 2008. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Mitchell, George J. 2010. Interview (3), by Andrea L’Hommedieu, December 20, 2010. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Mitchell, George J. 2015. The Negotiator. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Mitnick, Barry M. 1975. “The Theory of Agency: The Policing ‘Paradox’ and Regulatory Behavior.” Public Choice 24: 27–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montgomery, Gayle B., and Johnson, James W.. 1998. One Step from the White House: The Rise and Fall of William F. Knowland. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Mooney, Booth. 1956. The Lyndon Johnson Story. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy.Google Scholar

Moore, Betty J. 1986. “The Majority Leader of the United States Senate: The Leader’s Effectiveness as a Major Determinant in the Leadership Model.” Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland.Google Scholar

Morgan, H. Wayne. 1963. William McKinley and His America. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar

Morgan, William G. 1969. “The Origin and Development of the Congressional Nominating Caucus.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 113 (2): 184–96.Google Scholar

Morris, Dick. 2001. “Bush Must Deal To Win Tax Cut.” The Hill. March 14.Google Scholar

Muller, Ernest Paul. 1957. “Preston King: A Political Biography.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.Google Scholar

Munk, Margaret. 1970. “Origin and Development of the Party Floor Leadership in the United States Senate.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Government, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Munk, Margaret. 1974. “Origin and Development of the Party Floor Leadership in the United States Senate.” Capitol Studies 2 (2): 23–41.Google Scholar

Murphy, Thomas P. 1974. The New Politics Congress. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Murray, Robert K. 1976. The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

National Republican Congressional Committee. 1966. One Hundred Years: A History of the National Republican Congressional Committee. Washington, D.C.: Judd and Detweiler.Google Scholar

Neal, Steve. 1985. McNary of Oregon: A Political Biography. Portland, Ore.: Oregon Historical Society.Google Scholar

Neal, Steve. 1991. “Charles L. McNary: The Quiet Man.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 98–126.Google Scholar

Nelson, Garrison. 1980. “Senate Leadership Changes: A Theory of Institutional Interaction.” Paper presented at the Conference on Understanding Congressional Leadership: The State of the Art, sponsored jointly by the Everett McKinley Dirksen Congressional Leadership Research Center and the Sam Rayburn Library, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Neustadt, Richard E. 1955. “Presidency and Legislation: Planning the President’s Program.” American Political Science Review 49 (4): 980–1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nevins, Allan. 1932. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. New York: Dodd, Mead.Google Scholar

Newberry, Farrar. 1913. James K. Jones, The Plumed Knight of Arkansas. Arkadelphia, Ark.: Siftings-Herald.Google Scholar

Nickles, Donald. 2007. Interview with Sen. Don Nickles, March 27, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Niven, John. 1983. Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics. Newtown, Conn.: American Political Biography Press.Google Scholar

North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oberdorfer, Don. 2003. Senator Mansfield: The Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books.Google Scholar

Oleszek, Mark J. 2017. “Holds” in the Senate. CRS Report R43563. Congressional Research Service, January 24, 2017.Google Scholar

Oleszek, Mark J., and Oleszek, Walter J.. 2019. “Legislating in the Senate: From the 1950s into the 2000s.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1–40.Google Scholar

Oleszek, Walter J. 1971. “Party Whips in the United States Senate.” Journal of Politics 33 (4): 955–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oleszek, Walter J. 1985. Majority and Minority Whips of the Senate. S. Doc. 98-45. 98th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Oleszek, Walter J. 1991. “John Worth Kern: Portrait of a Floor Leader.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 7–37.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oppenheimer, Bruce I. 1977. “The Rules Committee: New Arm of Leadership in a Decentralized House.” In Congress Reconsidered, eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. New York: Praeger, 96–116.Google Scholar

Oppenheimer, Bruce I. 1985. “Changing Time Constraints on Congress: Historical Perspectives on the Use of Cloture.” In Congress Reconsidered, 3rd ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 393–413.Google Scholar

Ornstein, Norman J. 1989. “What TV News Doesn’t Report about Congress—and Should.” TV Guide (October 21): 11.Google Scholar

Ornstein, Norman J., Peabody, Robert L., and Rohde, David W.. 1977. “The Changing Senate: From the 1950s to the 1970s.” In Congress Reconsidered, eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. New York: Praeger, 3–20.Google Scholar

Ostrogorski, M[oisey]. 1899. “The Rise and Fall of the Nominating Caucus, Legislative and Congressional.” American Historical Review 5 (2): 253–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ostrogorski, M[oisey]. 1902. Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Packwood, Bob. 2007. Interview with Sen. Bob Packwood, July 20, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Page, William Tyler. 1922. “Political Organization of Congress Explained.” Congressional Digest 1 (11): 23.Google Scholar

Paone, Martin P. n.d. Oral history interviews with Martin P. Paone, Senate Democratic Cloakroom Staff to Majority Secretary, 1979–2008. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Park, Hong Min, Wielen, Ryan J. Vander, and Smith, Steven S.. 2017. Politics Over Process: Partisan Conflict and Post-Passage Processes in the U.S. Congress. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patterson, James T. 1967. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–1939. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar

Patterson, James T. 1972. Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Patterson, Samuel C. 1989. “Party Leadership in the U.S. Senate.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (3): 393–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patterson, Samuel C., and Little, Thomas H.. 1992. “The Organizational Life of the Congressional Parties.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill.Google Scholar

Peabody, Robert L. 1966. The Ford-Hallack Leadership Contest, 1965. Eagleton Institute Cases in Practical Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Peabody, Robert L. 1976. Leadership in Congress: Stability, Succession, and Change. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Peabody, Robert. 1981. “Senate Leadership: From the 1950s to the 1980s.” In Understanding Congressional Leadership, ed. Mackaman, Frank H.. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 261–92.Google Scholar

Pearson, Kathryn, and Schickler, Eric. 2009. “Discharge Petitions, Agenda Control, and the Congressional Committee System, 1929–76.” Journal of Politics 71 (4): 1238–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Petersen, R. Eric. 2007. Senate Policy Committees. CRS Report RL32015. Congressional Research Service, April 25, 2007.Google Scholar

Peterson, Merrill D. 1987. The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pinchot, Amos. 1958. History of the Progressive Party, 1912–1916. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Polsby, Nelson W. 1989. “Tracking Changes in the U.S. Senate.” PS: Political Science and Politics 22 (4): 789–93.Google Scholar

Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 1997. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Poore, Benjamin Perley. 1886. Perley’s Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis. 2 vols. Philadelphia, Pa.: Hubbard Brothers and J. W. Keeler & Co.Google Scholar

Pope, Martha, Paone, Martin P., and Saffold, C. Abbott. 2009. Interview, by Diane Dewhirst, May 26, 2009. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Price, H. Douglas. 1975. “Congress and the Evolution of Legislative Professionalism.” In Congress in Change: Evolution and Reform, ed. Ornstein, Norman J.. New York: Praeger, 316–36.Google Scholar

Rae, Nicol C. 2019. “Ambition and Achievement: The Senate Republican Leadership of Trent Lott.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 188–208.Google Scholar

Reedy, George E. 1986. The U.S. Senate: Paralysis or a Search for Consensus? New York: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar

Reeves, Paschal. 1960. “Thomas S. Martin: Committee Statesman.” Virginia Magazine of History 68 (3): 344–64.Google Scholar

Reid, Harry. 2008. The Good Fight: Hard Lessons from Searchlight to Washington. New York: Berkley Books.Google Scholar

Remini, Robert V. 1991. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Remini, Robert V. 1997. Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Remini, Robert V. 2001. The Life of Andrew Jackson. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.Google Scholar

Republican Executive Congressional Committee. 1860. The Poor Whites of the South: The Injury Done Them by Slavery. Washington, D.C.: Republican Congressional Committee.Google Scholar

Riddick, Floyd M. 1941. “American Government and Politics: Third Session of the Seventy-sixth Congress, January 3, 1940, to January 3, 1941.” American Political Science Review 35 (2): 284–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riddick, Floyd M. 1949. The United States Congress: Organization and Procedure. Manassas, Va.: National Capitol Publishers.Google Scholar

Riddick, Floyd M. 1971. “Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate: History and Development of the Offices of the Floor Leaders.” 92nd Cong., 1st Sess. S. Doc. 92-42. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Riddick, Floyd M. 1977. “Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate.” 95th Cong., 1st Sess. S. Doc. 95-24. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Riddick, Floyd M. 1992. Riddick Senate Procedure. www.riddick.gpo.gov. Accessed March 2025.Google Scholar

Riedel, Richard Langham. 1969. Halls of the Mighty: My 47 Years at the Senate. Washington, D.C.: Robert B. Luce.Google Scholar

Rienow, Robert, and Rienow, Leona Train. 1965. Of Snuff, Sin and the Senate. Chicago, Ill.: Follett.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. 1955. “The Senate and American Federalism.” American Political Science Review 49 (2): 452–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ripley, Randall B. 1969a. Majority Party Leadership in Congress. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Ripley, Randall B. 1969b. Power in the Senate. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Ripley, Randall B. 1976. “Party Leaders, Policy Committees, and Policy Analysis in the United States Senate.” In Commission on the Operation of the Senate, Policymaking Role of Leadership in the Senate, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 5–11.Google Scholar

Ritchie, Donald A. 1991a. “Alben W. Barkley: The President’s Man.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 127–62.Google Scholar

Ritchie, Donald A. 1991b. Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ritchie, Donald A. 1997. A History of the United States Senate Republican Policy Committee, 1947–1997. S. Doc. 105-5. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Ritchie, Donald A., ed. 1998a. Minutes of the Senate Democratic Conference: Fifty-eighth Congress through Eighty-eighth Congress, 1903–1964. 105th Cong. S. Doc. 105-20. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Ritchie, Donald A. 1998b. “The Senate of Mike Mansfield.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 48 (4): 50–62.Google Scholar

Ritchie, Donald A. 2000. “Charles Lee Watkins.” In Arkansas Biography, ed. Williams, Nancy A.. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.Google Scholar

Ritchie, Donald. 2009. “Oral History Interview with Bobby Baker.” Politico Magazine, November 19, 2013.Google Scholar

Roberts, Jason M. 2010. “The Development of Special Orders and Special Rules in the U.S. House, 1881–1937.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 35 (3): 307–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roberts, Jason M., and Smith, Steven S.. 2007. “The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Institutions in Congress: Path Dependency in House and Senate Institutional Development.” In Process, Party and Policy Making: Further New Perspectives on the History of Congress, eds. Brady, David and McCubbins, Mathew. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 182–204.Google Scholar

Robertson, David. 1994. Slay and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Robinson, Donald A. 1976. “If Senate Democrats Want Leadership: An Analysis of the History and Prospects of the Majority Party Policy Committee.” In Policymaking Role of the Leadership in the Senate, papers compiled for the Commission on the Operation of the Senate, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 40–57.Google Scholar

Robinson, George Lee. 1954. “The Development of the Senate Committee System.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Government, New York University.Google Scholar

Robinson, James A. 1963. The House Rules Committee. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar

Robinson, Michael J., and Appel, Kevin R.. 1979. “Network News Coverage of Congress.” Political Science Quarterly 94 (3): 407–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogers, Lindsay. 1920. “American Government and Politics.” American Political Science Review 14 (1): 74–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogers, Lindsay. 1922. “American Government and Politics: The First (Special) Session of the Sixty-seventh Congress, April 11, 1921–November 23, 1921.” American Political Science Review 16 (1): 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogers, Lindsay. 1925. “First and Second Sessions of the Sixty-eighth Congress.” American Political Science Review 19 (4): 761–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rohde, David W. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rohde, David W., Ornstein, Norman J., and Peabody, Robert L.. 1985. “Political Change and Legislative Norms in the U.S. Senate, 1957–1974.” In Studies of Congress, ed. Parker, Glenn R.. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 147–88.Google Scholar

Rohde, David W., and Shepsle, Kenneth A.. 1987. “Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives: Reflections on Woodrow Wilson’s Congressional Government.” Congress & the Presidency 14 (2): 111–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roper, Burns W. 1983. Trends in Attitudes Toward Television and Other Media. New York: Roper Organization.Google Scholar

Ross, Stephen A. 1973. “The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal’s Problem.” American Economic Review 62 (2): 134–39.Google Scholar

Rothman, David J. 1966. Politics and Power: The United States Senate, 1869–1901. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rovere, Richard H. 1956. Affairs of State: The Eisenhower Years. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy.Google Scholar

Russo, David J. 1972. “The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830–1840.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 62(5): 3–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sabato, Larry J. 1985. PAC Power: Inside the World of Political Action Committees. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Sachs, Richard C. 1995. “The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office.” CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar

Sarasohn, David. 1989. The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.Google Scholar

Sasser, James. 2010. Interview with Jim Sasser, by Diane Dewhirst, April 27, 2010. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Schapsmeier, Edward L., and Schapsmeier, Frederick H.. 1977. “Scott W. Lucas of Havana: His Rise and Fall as Majority Leader in the United States Senate.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 70 (4): 302–20.Google Scholar

Schapsmeier, Edward L., and Schapsmeier, Frederick H.. 1985. Dirksen of Illinois: Senatorial Statesman. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Schickler, Eric. 2001. Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Schickler, Eric, and Pearson, Kathryn. 2011. “Agenda Control, Majority Party Power, and the House Rules Committee.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 34 (4): 455–91.Google Scholar

Schiller, Wendy J., and Stewart, Charles. 2014. Electing the Senate: Indirect Democracy before the Seventeenth Amendment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Schiller, Wendy, and Manento, Cory. 2019. “Howard Baker and the Conditional Use of Parliamentary Procedure in the U.S. Senate.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 41–67.Google Scholar

Schriftgiesser, Karl. 1944. The Gentleman from Massachusetts: Henry Cabot Lodge. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Scott, Katherine, and Wyatt, James. 2019. “Robert C. Byrd: Tactician and Technician.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 68–102.Google Scholar

Shaffer, Samuel. 1980. On and Off the Floor: Thirty Years as a Correspondent on Capitol Hill. New York: Newsweek Books.Google Scholar

Shanley, Robert A. 1988. “Franklin D. Roosevelt and Water Pollution Control Policy.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 18 (2): 319–30.Google Scholar

Shapiro, Ira. 2018. Broken: Can the Senate Save Itself and the Country? Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Shepsle, Kenneth A. 1989. “The Changing Textbook Congress.” In Can the Government Govern?, eds. Chubb, John E. and Peterson, Paul E.. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 238–66.Google Scholar

Shuman, Howard E. 1991. “Lyndon B. Johnson: The Senate’s Powerful Persuader.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 199–235.Google Scholar

Silbey, Joel H. 1967. The Shrine of Party: Congressional Voting Behavior, 1841–1852. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Silbey, Joel H. 1991. The American Political Nation, 1838–1893. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Silbey, Joel H. 2002. Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar

Simpson, Alan K. 2007. Interview with Sen. Alan Simpson, October 9, 2007. Robert J. Dole Oral History Project, Robert J. Dole Institute for Politics, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 1983. Majority Leadership in the House. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 1989. The Transformation of the U.S. Senate. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 1990. “Congressional Leadership: A Review Essay and a Research Agenda.” In Leading Congress: New Styles, New Strategies, ed. Kornacki, John J.. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 97–162.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 1995. Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 2002. “The ‘60-Vote Senate’: Strategies, Process and Outcomes.” In U.S. Senate Exceptionalism, ed. Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 241–61.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 2006. Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 2012. “Senate Parties and Party Leadership, 1960–2010.” In The U.S. Senate: From Deliberation to Dysfunction, ed. Loomis, Burdette A.. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 85–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Elbert. 1958. Magnificent Missourian: The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott.Google Scholar

Smith, Oliver Hampton. 1858. Early Indiana Trials and Sketches: Reminiscences by Hon. O. H. Smith. Cincinnati, Ohio: Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 1981. “The Consistency and Ideological Structure of U.S. Senate Voting Alignments, 1957–1976.” American Journal of Political Science 25 (4): 780–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 1989. Call to Order: Floor Politics in the House and Senate. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 1993. “Forces of Change in Senate Party Leadership and Organization.” In Congress Reconsidered, 5th ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 259–90.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 1994. “Congressional Party Leaders.” In The President, the Congress, and the Making of Foreign Policy, ed. Peterson, Paul E.. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 129–57.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 2007. Party Influence in Congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 2014. The Senate Syndrome: The Evolution of Procedural Warfare in the Modern U.S. Senate. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 2017. “Leadership and Partisanship in the Modern Senate.” In Leadership in American Politics, eds. Jenkins, Jeffery A. and Volden, Craig. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 41–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 2019. “Recent Senate Party Leaders in Historical Perspective.” In Leadership in the U.S. Senate: Herding Cats in the Modern Era, ed. Campbell, Colton C.. New York: Taylor & Francis, 272–92.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S., and Deering, Christopher J.. 1990. Committees in Congress, 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S., and Flathman, Marcus. 1989. “Managing the Senate Floor: Complex Unanimous Consent Agreements since the 1950s.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (3): 349–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Steven S., and Gamm, Gerald. 2001. “The Dynamics of Party Government in Congress.” In Congress Reconsidered, 7th ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 245–68.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S., and Gamm, Gerald. 2020. “The Dynamics of Party Government in Congress.” In Congress Reconsidered, 12th ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 197–224.Google Scholar

Smith, Steven S., Ostrander, Ian, and Pope, Christopher M.. 2013. “Majority Party Power and Procedural Motions in the U.S. Senate.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 38 (2): 205–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Socolofsky, Homer E., and Spetter, Allan B.. 1987. The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar

Sorensen, Theodore C. 1965. Kennedy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright. 1930. Nelson W. Aldrich: A Leader in American Politics. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

Stewart, Charles III. 1992. “Responsiveness in the Upper Chamber: The Constitution and the Institutional Development of the Senate.” In The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective, ed. Nardulli, Peter F.. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 63–96.Google Scholar

Stewart, Charles III, and Weingast, Barry R.. 1992. “Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development.” Studies in American Political Development 6 (2): 223–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stewart, John G. 1971. “Two Strategies of Leadership: Johnson and Mansfield.” In Congressional Behavior, ed. Polsby, Nelson W.. New York: Random House, 61–92.Google Scholar

Stewart, John G. 1975. “Central Party Organs in Congress.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 32 (1): 20–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stromer, Marvin E. 1969. Making of a Political Leader: Kenneth S. Wherry and the United States Senate. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Strother, Ernest S. Jr. 1966. “Thomas Staples Martin: His Senatorial Career.” M.A. thesis, Department of History and Political Science, University of Richmond.Google Scholar

Sundquist, James L. 1981. The Decline and Resurgence of Congress. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.Google Scholar

Swanstrom, Roy. 1988. The United States Senate, 1787–1801: A Dissertation on the First Fourteen Years of the Upper Legislative Body. 100th Cong., 1st Sess. S. Doc. 100–31. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Swift, Elaine K. 1989. “Reconstitutive Change in the U. S. Congress: The Early Senate, 1789–1841.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (2): 175–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swift, Elaine K. 1996. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thelen, David P. 1976. Robert M. La Follette and the Insurgent Spirit. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Theriault, Sean M. 2013. The Gingrich Senators: The Roots of Partisan Warfare in Congress. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Theriault, Sean M., and Rohde, David W.. 2011. “The Gingrich Senators and Party Polarization in the U.S. Senate.” Journal of Politics 73 (4): 1011–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thompson, Charles Willis. 1906. Party Leaders of the Time. New York: G. W. Dillingham.Google Scholar

Thorn, John. 2011. Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Truman, David B. 1959. The Congressional Party: A Case Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Upchurch, Thomas Adams. 2004. Legislating Racism: The Billion Dollar Congress and the Birth of Jim Crow. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar

U.S. Senate Historical Office. 2024a. “About Parties and Leadership: Conference Chairs.” www.senate.gov/about/parties-leadership/conference-chairs.htmGoogle Scholar

U.S. Senate Historical Office. 2024b. “About Parties and Leadership: Majority and Minority Leaders.” www.senate.gov/about/parties-leadership/majority-minority-leaders.htmGoogle Scholar

Valelly, Richard M. 2004. The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Valelly, Richard M. 2007. “Partisan Entrepreneurship and Policy Windows: George Frisbie Hoar and the 1890 Federal Elections Bill.” In Formative Acts: American Politics in the Making, eds. Skowronek, Stephen and Glassman, Matthew. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 126–52.Google Scholar

Valelly, Richard M. 2009. “The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building: A New Look.” Studies in American Political Development 23 (2): 115–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Valeo, Francis R. 1985. Oral history interviews with Francis R. Valeo, Secretary of the Senate, 1966–1977. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Valeo, Francis R. 1999. Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 1967. William Henry Seward. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Vincent, Carol Hardy, Rundquist, Paul S., Sachs, Richard C., and Bullock, Faye M.. 1996. “Party Leaders in Congress, 1789–1996: Vital Statistics.” CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar

Wallach, Philip A. 2023. Why Congress. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Waller, Douglas. 2002. “Capitol Grudge Match.” Time. June 10: 29–30.Google Scholar

Walton, Brian G. 1973. “Ambrose Hundley Sevier in the United States Senate, 1836–1848.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 32 (1): 25–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watkins, Charles L., and Riddick, Floyd M.. 1964. Senate Procedure: Precedents and Practices. 88th Cong. S. Doc. 88-44. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Watson, James E. 1936. As I Knew Them: Memoirs of James E. Watson. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar

Wawro, Gregory J., and Schickler, Eric. 2006. Filibuster: Obstruction and Lawmaking in the U.S. Senate. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Weaver, David H., and Wilhoit, G. Cleveland. 1974. “News Magazine Visibility of Senators.” Journalism Quarterly 51 (1): 67–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weaver, David H., and Wilhoit, G. Cleveland. 1980. “News Media Coverage of U.S. Senators in Four Congresses, 1953–1974.” Journalism Monographs 67 (April): 1–34.Google Scholar

Weisberger, Bernard A. 1994. The La Follettes of Wisconsin: Love and Politics in Progressive America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Welch, Richard E. Jr. 1965. “The Federal Elections Bill of 1890: Postscripts and Prelude.” Journal of American History 52 (3): 511–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Welch, Richard E. Jr. 1971. George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Welch, Richard E. Jr. 1988. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar

Weller, Cecil Edward. 1998. Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.Google Scholar

White, William S. 1954. The Taft Story. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

White, William S. 1957. Citadel: The Story of the U.S. Senate. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Widenor, William C. 1980. Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Widenor, William C. 1991. “Henry Cabot Lodge: The Astute Parliamentarian.” In First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, eds. Baker, Richard A. and Davidson, Roger H.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 38–62.Google Scholar

Wilentz, Sean. 2005. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Wilhoit, G. Cleveland, and Sherrill, Kenneth S.. 1968. “Wire Service Visibility of U.S. Senators.” Journalism Quarterly 45 (1): 42–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, Brien. 2009. Interview with Patrick J. Griffin, George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, Bowdoin College.Google Scholar

Williams, Christine. 2008. Interview, by Brien Williams, November 21, 2008. George J. Mitchell Oral History Project, 70, Bowdoin College.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, Woodrow. 1885. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Wilson, Woodrow. 1908. Constitutional Government in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolff, Wendy, and Ritchie, Donald A., eds. 1999. Minutes of the Senate Republican Conference: Sixty-second Congress through Eighty-eighth Congress, 1911–1964. 105th Cong. S. Doc. 105–19. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Woodburn, James Albert. 1903. Party Politics in Indiana during the Civil War. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Young, James Sterling. 1966. The Washington Community: 1800–1828. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Zelizer, Julian E. 2004. On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and Its Consequences, 1948–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar