If the survival of practitioners of pre-Christian religions had scandalised Christians of the Reformation era, it was still more shocking (yet also intriguing) to intellectuals of the Enlightenment era that ‘pagans’ could still be found in some corners of eighteenth-century Europe. This era saw the last traces of pre-Christian cults in Lithuania and Livonia as well as the extensive Christianisation of the Sami, ostensibly eliminating pre-Christian faiths from Europe’s religious landscape at long last. At the same time, however, attitudes to religion itself were undergoing a profound shift and the possibility that ‘pagans’ might finally be accorded respect - or at least tolerance - was beginning to emerge; if, that is, any of them still existed in Europe. This chapter examines the possibility of pre-Christian religions enduring into Enlightenment Europe, which led to greater tolerance in some regions but also saw the forcible conversion of animists in the Volga-Ural region.