Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- List of Acronyms
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Theoretical Background
- 3 High-Temperature Gas Dynamics and Hypersonic Effects
- 4 Cycle Analyses and Energy Management
- 5 Inlets and Nozzles
- 6 Supersonic Combustion Processes
- 7 Testing Methods and Wind Tunnels
- 8 Computational Fluid Dynamic Methods and Solutions for High-Speed Reacting Flows
- Index
- References
6 - Supersonic Combustion Processes
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 January 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- List of Acronyms
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Theoretical Background
- 3 High-Temperature Gas Dynamics and Hypersonic Effects
- 4 Cycle Analyses and Energy Management
- 5 Inlets and Nozzles
- 6 Supersonic Combustion Processes
- 7 Testing Methods and Wind Tunnels
- 8 Computational Fluid Dynamic Methods and Solutions for High-Speed Reacting Flows
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
With the broad range of flying conditions in the hypersonic regime, the processes in the supersonic combustion chamber are subject to large variations in thermodynamic conditions. At the low range of the hypersonic flight regime, the heat deposition in the combustion chamber is relatively large compared with the incoming flow energy; hence the heat deposition substantially reduces the air speed and a large pressure rise is experienced with possible flow separations. At the higher range of the hypersonic regime, close to Mach 25, which is considered the upper envelope of air-breathing propulsion, the heat addition may amount to only 10% of the incoming airflow enthalpy. The heat-release effects are less pronounced. The airspeed in the combustion chamber itself may be hypersonic, and the heat deposition is distributed over a longer distance following mixing and chemical reactions; the pressure rise associated with combustion is less pronounced and is mostly due to the internal geometry of the combustion chamber.
The aerothermodynamic processes in the supersonic combustion chamber are complex and closely related. The comparable time scales lead to a closely coupled turbulent mixing and chemical reaction rates. Combustion cannot be initiated until mixing has been achieved at a molecular level, and, in turn, in regions where combustion has taken place, the temperature rise and the chemical composition changes modify the parameters responsible for mixing. This close coupling cannot be, in general, separated in the supersonic combustion chamber.
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Scramjet EngineProcesses and Characteristics, pp. 127 - 214Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
References
, , and (2000). “Scramjet performance,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 369–446.Google Scholar
and (1997). “Structures in stratified plane mixing layers and the effects of cross-shear,” J. Fluid Mech. 342, 53–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). “Turbulent combustion regimes for hypersonic propulsion employing hydrogen-air diffusion flames,” J. Propul. Power 10, 434–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1995). “A numerical investigation of extinction and ignition limits in laminar nonpremixed counterflowing hydrogen–air streams for both elementary and reduced chemistry,” Combust. Flame 102, 329–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). “Combustion processes in supersonic flow,” J. Propul. Power 4, 209–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1970). “A unified analysis of gaseous jet penetration,” AIAA J. 9, 1048–1058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983). “Compressibility effects in turbulent shear layers,” AIAA J. 23, 926–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1995). “Hydrogen piloted energy for supersonic combustion of liquid fuels,” AIAA Paper 95–0730.
, , , and (2002). “PTAH-SOCAR fuel-cooled composite materials structure,” AIAA Paper 2002–5135.
(1966). “The effect of initial conditions on the development of a free shear-layer,” J. Fluid Mech. 26, 225–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1974). “On density effects and large structure in turbulent mixing layers,” J. Fluid Mech. 64, 775–781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1998). “An innovative thermal management system for a Mach 8 hypersonic scramjet engine,” AIAA Paper 98–3734.
and (1996). “Regimes of break-up and breakup mechanisms (physical aspects),” in Recent Advances in Spray Combustion: Spray Atomization and Drop Burning Phenomena (, ed.), Vol. 166 of Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA, pp. 109–135.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1986). “Spreading of two-stream supersonic turbulent mixing layers,” Phys. Fluids 29, 1345–1347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2000). “Scramjet engine research at the National Aerospace Laboratory in Japan,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 159–222.Google Scholar
(1990). Combustion ( and , eds.), Energy and Engineering Science Series, Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
and (1990). “Two- and three-dimensional effects in the supersonic mixing layer,” AIAA Paper 90–1978.
and (1995). “Scalar measurements in compressible axisymmetric mixing layers,” Phys. Fluids 7, 1071–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, III, and (2001). “Scramjet autoignition study,” J. Propul. Power 17, 315–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1989). “Nonequilibrium model for hydrogen combustion in supersonic flow,” J. Propul. Power 5, 523–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1998). “A comprehensive modeling study of n-heptane oxidation,”Combust. Flame 114, 149–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998). “A comparative study of the kinetics of benzene formation from unsaturated C2 to C4 hydrocarbons,” Combust. Flame 113, 620–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2001). “Shock tube measurements of JP-10 ignition,” in Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 28, pp. 1687–1692.
, , and (1998). “The structure of the compressible reacting mixing layer: Insights from linear stability analysis,” Phys. Fluids 10, 993–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991). “Turbulent free shear layer mixing and combustion,” High-Speed Flight Propulsion Systems ( and , eds.), Vol. 137 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 265–340.Google Scholar
and (1986). “Evaluation of a storable fluorine based pilot for scramjet,” AIAA Paper 86−0372.
(1997). “Enhancement of mixing and reaction in high-speed combustor flowfields,” in Advanced Computation and Analysis of Combustion (, , and , eds.), ENAS Publishers, pp. 238–251.Google Scholar
and (1969). “An experimental investigation of the mixing of compressible-air jets in a coaxial configuration,” NASA TN-D-5315.
(2000). “Scramjet development in France,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 47–118.Google Scholar
(1973). “Mixing-controlled supersonic combustion,” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 5, 301–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000). “Effects of injection angle on atomization of liquid jets in transverse flow,” J. Propul. Power 38, 64–72.Google Scholar
, , , and (1998). “Comparison of physical and aerodynamic ramps as fuel injectors in supersonic flow,” J. Propul. Power 14, 135–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2004). “Investigation of hydrocarbon fuels combustion in supersonic combustor,” AIAA Paper 2004–3487.
, , and (2001). “Experimental study of scramjet module,” J. Propul. Power 17, 1222–1226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1991). “Combustion of methane flame in high velocity air flow with recirculation zone,” in Proceedings of the Third All-Union Workshop on Flame Structure, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia, Vol. 1, pp. 147–151.Google Scholar
, , and (2000). “Fuel injection into a supersonic airflow by means of pylons,” J. Propul. Power 16, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2001). “Numerical research of gaseous fuel preinjection in hypersonic three dimensional inlet,” J. Propul. Power 17, 1162–1169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1993). “Experiments in nonreacting compressible shear layers,” AIAA J. 31, 2247–2254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1990). “Hydrogen/air combustion calculations: The chemical basis of efficiency in hypersonic flows,” AIAA J. 28, 1740–1744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1994). “Experimental investigation of a swept ramp injector using laser-induced iodine fluorescence,” J. Propul. Power 10, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion, AIAA Education Series.
and (1989). “Effects of heat release in a turbulent reacting shear layer,” J. Fluid Mech. 159, 151–168.Google Scholar
, , and (1970). “A Schlieren technique for measuring jet penetration into a supersonic stream,” J. Spacecr. Rockets 7, 755–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2002). “Endothermic heat-sink of hydrocarbon fuels for scramjet cooling,” AIAA Paper 2002–3871.
, , and (1957). “Stabilization of premixed propane-air flames in recessed ducts,” J. Jet Propul. 27, 31–43.Google Scholar
, , and (1982). “Hypersonic airbreathing missile concepts under study at Langley,” AIAA Paper 82−0316.
, , and (1997). “The application of endothermic fuels for high speed propulsion systems,” in Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines, ISABE97–7007, pp. 59–69.Google Scholar
(2001). “Scaling nonequilibrium-reacting flows: The legacy of Gerhard Damköhler,” J. Spacecr. Rockets 38, 185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). “An analytical study of the hydrogen–air reaction mechanism with application to scramjet combustion,” NASA TP-2791.
, , , and (2003). “Elementary reaction kinetics studies of interest in H2 supersonic combustion chemistry,” Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. 27, 371–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1997). “Mach 6 testing of a scramjet engine module,” J. Propul. Power 13, 543–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2001). “Mach 8 testing of a scramjet engine module,” J. Propul. Power 17, 132–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2002). “Mach 8 testing of a scramjet engine with ramp compression,” J. Propul. Power 18, 417–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1990). “Hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet combustor investigation,” AIAA Paper 90−2337.
and (1992). “The enhancement of the mixing and combustion processes applied to scramjet engines,” AIAA Paper 92–3428.
, , , and (2001).“Research in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion at the NASA Langley Research Center,” in Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines, AIAA.Google Scholar
and (1971). “Endothermic fuels for hypersonic vehicles,” J. Aircr. 8, 200–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995). “Detailed kinetic modeling of C1–C3 alkane diffusion flames,” Combust. Flame 102, 129–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999). “NOx formation in two-stage methane-air flames,” Combust. Flame 118, 399–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995). “Detailed kinetic modeling of n-heptane combustion,” Combust. Sci. Technol. 107, 317–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000). “Detailed chemical-kinetic model for aviation fuels,” J. Propul. Power 16, 187–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1995). “Crossflow mixing of noncircular jets,” AIAA Paper 95–0732.
, , , and (2000). “Penetration and spreading of liquid jets in an external–internal compression inlet,” AAIA J. 38, 989–994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1990). “Shock enhancement and control of hypersonic mixing and combustion,” AIAA Paper 90–1981.
, , and (1990). “Shock-tube study of the reaction H + O2 → OH + O using laser absorption,” J. Phys. Chem. 94, 7119–7128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2000). “Liquid hydrocarbon fuels for hypersonic propulsion,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 757–822.Google Scholar
(1974). “Effect of ratio of wall boundary-layer thickness to jet diameter on mixing of a normal hydrogen jet in a supersonic stream,” NASA TM X-3030.
(2002). “Hypersonic technology…Past, present and future,” inaugural presentation at the Institute for Future Space Transport, University of Florida.
, , , , and (1999). “Direct fuel cooled composite structure,” ISABE 99–7284.
, , and (2003). “Ignition delay for JP-10/air and JP-10/high energy density fuel/air mixtures,” J. Propul. Power 19, 601–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001). “Reaction and mixing-controlled combustion in scramjet engines,” J. Propul. Power 17, 308–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997). “Hydrocarbon fueled dual-mode ramjet/scramjet concept evaluation,” in Proceedings of ISABE 97, Paper 97–7053, pp. 348–356.Google Scholar
, , and (1985). “Reynolds number effects on mixing and combustion in a reacting shear-layer,” AIAA J. 23, 1418–1423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000). “Basic performance assessment of scram combustors,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 597–696.Google Scholar
and (1997). “A study of ignition in the supersonic hydrogen/air laminar mixing layer,” Combust. Flame 108, 199–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1986). “Supersonic combustion ramjet research at Langley,” AIAA Paper 89–0159.
, , , and (1992). “Evaluation of parallel injector configurations for Mach 2 combustion,” J. Propul. Power 8, 491–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1998). “Design and research Russian program of experimental hydrogen fueled dual mode scramjet: Choice of concept and results of pre-flight tests,” AIAA Paper 98–1586.
and (2001). Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flow, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, , and (1969). “The interaction and penetration of gaseous jets in supersonic flow,” NASA CR-1386.
(2000). “Scramjet flowpath integration,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 1105–1293.Google Scholar
, , , and (1999). “Combustion stability limits of hydrogen in a non-premixed, supersonic flow,” in Proceedings of ISABE '99, Paper 99–143.Google Scholar
, , , and (2001a). “Effects of fuel pre-injection on mixing in a Mach 1.6 airflow,” J. Propul. Power 17, 605–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2001b). “Thermal choking analyses in a supersonic combustor,” J. Propul. Power 17, 611–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997). “Effects of mixing schemes on kerosene combustion in a supersonic airstream,” J. Propul. Power 13, 525–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1998). “Flameholding configurations for kerosene combustion in a Mach 1.8 airflow,” J. Propul. Power 14, 456–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1971). “Survey of basic data on flame stabilization and propagation for high speed combustion systems,” Marquardt Co., TR AFAPL-TR-70-81.
and (1986). “Observations of supersonic free shear layers,” AIAA Paper 86–0162.
and (1988). “The compressible turbulent shear layer: An experimental study,” J. Fluid Mech. 197, 453–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003). “Effect of geometrical parameters on the mixing performance of cantilivered ramp injectors,” AIAA J. 41, 448–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1993). “Large-structure orientation in a compressible turbulent shear-layer,” AIAA Paper 93–0545.
and (1983). “Combustion in a turbulent mixing layer formed at a rearward-facing step,” AIAA J. 21, 1565–1570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2004). “Mixing in high-speed flows with thick boundary layers,” AIAA Paper 2004–3655.
and (1971). “Correlation of secondary sonic and supersonic gaseous jet penetration into supersonic crossflows,” NASA TN D-6370.
and (1996). “A study of scramjet scaling,” AIAA Paper 96–4533.
, , , and (1995). “A wide range modeling study of n-heptane oxidation,” Combust. Flame 103, 91–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). “Partial chemical equilibrium in fluid dynamics,” Phys. Fluids 23, 675–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1992).“A computational investigation of mixing and reacting flows in supersonic combustors,” AIAA Paper 92–0626.
, , , and (1995). “Investigation of scramjet strategies for high Mach number flows,” J. Propul. Power 11, 409–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995). “Vortex generation and mixing in three-dimensional supersonic combustores,” J. Propul. Power 11, 419–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1971). “Mixing of hydrogen injected from multiple injectors normal to a supersonic airstream,” NASA TN D-6476.
and (1981). “Chemical kinetics analysis of hydrogen-air ignition and reaction times,” NASA TP-1856.
, , and (2000). “An experimental investigation of high-compressibility non-reacting mixing layers,” AIAA Paper 2000–0663.
and (2000). “Scramjet research and development in Russia,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 223–367.Google Scholar
and (1990). “Effects of compressibility on the characteristics of free shear flows,” AIAA J. 28, 439–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1992). “Compressibility effects on large structures in free shear layers,” Phys. Fluids A 4, 1251–1258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1993). “Role of hydrogen/air chemistry in nozzle performance for a hypersonic propulsion system,” J. Propul. Power 9, 134–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). “Injection and mixing in turbulent flow,” in Vol. 68 of Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA.
, and (1966). “Penetration of gaseous jets injected into a supersonic stream,” J. Spacecr. Rockets 3, 1658–1665.Google Scholar
, , and (1995). “Effects of the chemical reaction model on calculations of supersonic combustion flows,” J. Propul. Power 11, 565–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1973). “On piece-wise one-dimensional models of supersonic combustion,” Explosions Shock Waves 9, 409–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1999). “Engineering scale titanium endothermic fuel reactor demonstration for hypersonic scramjet engine,” AIAA Paper 99–4909.
(2000). “Detonation-wave ramjets,” in Scramjet Propulsion ( and , eds.), Vol. 189 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, pp. 823–890.Google Scholar
and (2003). “Modeling of n-heptane and iso-octane gas-phase oxidation in air at low and high temperatures,” AIAA Paper 2003–0662.
, , , , , , , , , , , and (1999). “GRI Mech 3.0,” available at http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/.
and (1997). “Hydrocarbon fuel cooling for advanced propulsion,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 119, 344–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). “Initiation of combustion and detonation in H2 + O2 mixtures by excitation of electronic states of oxygen molecules,” in High-Speed Deflagration and Detonations: Fundamentals and Control, , , and , eds.), ELEX-KM Pub.Google Scholar
and (1997). “The peculiarities of hydrogen combustion in model scramjet combustion,” ISABE 97–7056, pp. 374–384.
, , , , , , and (1989). “Turbulence mixing in supersonic combustion systems,” AIAA Paper 89–0260.
and (2003). “Flameholding analyses in supersonic flow,” AIAA Paper 2003–6909.
and (2002a). “Ethylene ignition and detonation chemistry, part 1: Detailed modeling and experimental comparison,” J. Propul. Power 18, 344–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002b). “Ethylene ignition and detonation chemistry, part 2: Ignition histories and reduced mechanisms,” J. Propul. Power 18, 351–352.Google Scholar
, , , and (1994). “Numerical investigations of mixing augmentation behind oblique shock waves,” AIAA J. 32, 311–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1990). “Experimental investigation of 2-D dual mode scramjet with hydrogen fuel at Mach 4…6,” AIAA Paper 90–5269.
and (1993). “Injection of liquid into the strut shadow at supersonic velocities,” SAE-931455, Society of Automotive Engineers.
, , and (2007). “A review of fuel pre-injection in supersonic, chemically reacting, flows,” ASME Appl. Mech. Revi. 60, 139–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). “Liquid fueled supersonic combustion ramjets: A research perspective of the past, present and future,” J. Propul. Power 3, 515–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1973). “Structure of shock waves in cylindrical ducts,” AIAA J. 11, 1404–1408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997). “Fuel stagnation temperature effects on mixing with supersonic combustion flows,” J. Propul. Power 13, 274–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1999). “Additives to reduce coking in endothermic heat exchangers,” AIAA Paper 99–2215.
(1999). “Reduced kinetic schemes in combustion,” in Propulsion Combustion: Fuels to Emissions (, ed.), Taylor & Francis, pp. 93–128.Google Scholar
and (1960). “Flame spreading from bluff body flameholders,” TR 34–17, JPL.
, , and (1991). “A comprehensive reaction mechanism for carbon monoxide/hydrogen/oxygen kinetics,” Combust. Sci. Technol. 79, 97–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 5
- Cited by