Incarnation

doi:10.1017/9781009323987.017

13 - Incarnation

from Part II - Theological Themes

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 November 2025

Richard Cross

Edited by

Lydia Schumacher

Show author details

Lydia Schumacher: Affiliation:
King's College London

Book contents

Get access

Summary

This chapter addresses the doctrine of the Incarnation from the time of Peter Lombard until Bonaventure and Albert the Great. In particular, it discusses the early scholastic reception of Lombard's famous three Christological theories.

Keywords

Christology Incarnation homo assumptus subsistence theory non-aliquid theory councils

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: The Origins of Scholasticism
Theology and Philosophy in Paris, 1150–1250
, pp. 361 - 387

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009323987.017 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Primary Sources

Odo Rigaldi. In libros sententiarum. Bruges Public Library, MS 208. [Abbreviated as MS Br.]Google Scholar

Praepositinus of Cremona. Summa ‘Qui producit ventos’. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS 14526; Balliol College, Oxford, MS 210. [Abbreviated as MS P and MS B₂.]Google Scholar

Richard Rufus of Cornwall. In Sententias. Balliol College, Oxford, MS 62. [Abbreviated as MS B.]Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Albert the Great. Commentarii in libros sententiarum. In Opera omnia. Edited by S. C. A. Bourgnet. 38 vols. Paris: Vivès, 1890–9.Google Scholar

Alexander of Hales. Glossa in quatuor libros sententiarum Petri Lombardi, 4 vols. Bibliotheca Franciscana scholastica, nos. 12–15. Quaracchi: Collegium Sancti Bonaventurae, 1954.Google Scholar

Boethius. Contra Eutychen et Nestorium. Edited by Moreschini, C.. In De consolatione philosophiae. Opuscula theologica. Bibliotheca Teubneriana. Munich and Leipzig: Saur, 2000.Google Scholar

Bonaventure. Commentaria super quatuor libros sententiarum. In Opera omnia. 10 vols. Quaracchi: Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1882‒1902.Google Scholar

Doctoris irrefragabilis Alexandri de Hales Ordinis minorum Summa theologica. 4 vols. Edited by Klumper, Bernardini, 1924–48. Quaracchi: Collegii S. Bonaventurae.Google Scholar

Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et delcarationum de rebus fidei et morum. Edited by Denzinger, H. and Schönmetzer, A.. Barcelona: Herder, 1963.Google Scholar

Faustus of Riez. De spiritu sancto. Edited by A. Engelbrecht. Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, no. 21. Prague: Tempsky–Freytag, 1891.Google Scholar

Häring, Nikolaus M. ‘The So-Called Apologia de Verbo Incarnato’. Franciscan Studies 16 (1956): 102–43.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hugh of St Cher. Quaestiones super libros sententiarum, Book 3. Edited by Principe, Walter Henry. In Hugh of Saint-Cher’s Theology of the Hypostatic Union. Studies and Texts, no. 19. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1970.Google Scholar

Hugh of St Victor. De sacramentis christianae fidei. Edited by Rainer Berndt. Corpus Victorinum, Textus Historici, no. 1. Münster: Aschendorff, 2008.Google Scholar

John of Cornwall. ‘The Eulogium ad Alexandrum Papam tertium of John of Cornwall’. Edited by Nikolaus M. Häring. Mediaeval Studies 13 (1951): 253–300.CrossRef Google Scholar

Mansi, J. D. Sacrorum conciliorum nova collection. Paris: Welter, 1901–27.Google Scholar

Chanter, Peter. Summa de sacramentis et animae consiliis. Edited by Dugauquier, Jean Albert. 5 vols. Analecta mediaevalia Namurcensia. Louvain: Nauwelaerts, and Lille: Giard, 1954–67.Google Scholar

Lombard, Peter. Sententiae in quatuor libros distinctae. 2 vols. 3rd ed. Spicilegium Bonaventurianum. Grottaferrata: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1971–81.Google Scholar

Lombard, Peter. The Sentences. Translated by Giulio Silano. 4 vols. St Michael’s College Mediaeval Translations. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2007–10.Google Scholar

Peter of Poitiers. Sententiarum libri quinque. PL 210. Paris: Migne, 1855.Google Scholar

Philip the Chancellor. Quaestiones de incarnatione. Edited by Walter Henry Principe. In Philip the Chancellor’s Theology of the Hypostatic Union. Studies and Texts, no. 32. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975.Google Scholar

Fishacre, Richard. In tertium librum sententiarum. 2 vols. Edited by Klaus Rödler. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für die Herausgabe Ungedruckter Texte aus der Mittelalterlichen Geisteswelt, no. 23. Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2003.Google Scholar

Robert of Melun, Sententiae. Edited by Christopher P. Evans. In Victorine Christology: A Selection of the Works of Hugh and Achard of St Victor, and Robert of Melun, and Excerpts Taken from the Summa Sententiarum. Victorine Texts in Translation, no. 7. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2019.Google Scholar

Roland of Cremona. Summae Magistri Rolandi Cremonensis, O.P., Liber Tertius. Edited by Cortesi, Aloysio and Midali, Humberto. Bergamo: Umberto Midali, 2017.Google Scholar

Simon of Tournai. Institutiones in sacram paginam. Edited and translated by Christopher P. Evans. Excerpt in On the Incarnation of Christ. Texts and Studies, no. 211. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2017.Google Scholar

Langton, Stephen. Quaestiones theologiae. Liber III. 2 vols. Edited by Bieniak, Magdalena and Wciórka, Wojciech. Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi, no. 36. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 2021.Google Scholar

Summa ‘Breves dies hominis’. Edited by Joseph N. Garvin and Marthe Dulong. University of Notre Dame, IN, archive, call number CGRV 4/03.Google Scholar

Aquinas, Thomas. Scriptum super Sententiis. In Corpus Thomisticum. Fundación Tomás de Aquino, 2019 (cited 13 September 2024). Available from www.corpusthomisticum.org/iopera.html.Google Scholar

Aquinas, Thomas. Summa theologiae. In Corpus Thomisticum. Fundación Tomás de Aquino, 2019 (cited 13 September 2024). Available from www.corpusthomisticum.org/iopera.html.Google Scholar

William of Auxerre. Summa aurea. Edited by Ribaillier, Jean. In Magistri Guillelmi Altissiodorensis Summa aurea. 7 vols. Spicilegium Bonaventuriam 16–20. Paris: CNRS, and Rome: Collegii S. Bonaventurae ad Claras Aquas, 1980–7.Google Scholar

Cross, Richard. Early Scholastic Christology 1050–1250. Changing Paradigms in Historical and Systematic Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.CrossRef Google Scholar

Honnefelder, Ludger and Möhle, Hannes. Albertus Magnus und sein System der Wissenschaften. Münster: Aschendorff, 2011.Google Scholar

Kobusch, Theo. Die Entdeckung der Person: Metaphysik der Freiheit und modernes Menschenbild. Freiburg: Herder, 1993.Google Scholar

Principe, Walter Henry. Hugh of Saint-Cher’s Theology of the Hypostatic Union. Studies and Texts, no. 19. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1970.Google Scholar

Principe, Walter Henry. Philip the Chancellor’s Theology of the Hypostatic Union. Studies and Texts, no. 32. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975.Google Scholar

Quinto, Riccardo. ‘Le Commentaire des Sentences d’Hugues de Saint-Cher et la littérature théologique de son temps’. In Hugues de Saint-Cher († 1263), bibliste et théologien: Etudes réunies, edited by Bataillon, Louis-Jacques, Dahan, Gilbert, and Gy, Pierre-Marie, 299–324. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004.CrossRef Google Scholar

Raedts, Peter. Richard Rufus of Cornwall and the Tradition of Oxford Theology. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Inaccessible, or known limited accessibility

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book is known to have missing or limited accessibility features. We may be reviewing its accessibility for future improvement, but final compliance is not yet assured and may be subject to legal exceptions. If you have any questions, please contact accessibility@cambridge.org.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.

Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.