Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7857688df4-fwx92 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-19T12:08:59.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - The Language of Newspapers

from Part III - Genre and Medium in the Record

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2025

Merja Kytö
Affiliation:
Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
Erik Smitterberg
Affiliation:
Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
Get access

Summary

This chapter examines key features of the language of print newspapers in Britain from the founding of the London Gazette in 1665 up until the present day. It describes significant milestones in the history of English newspapers, outlining major socio-historical, economic, cultural and technological developments which have had an impact on the emergence, diversification and professionalisation of this important mass medium. After an overview of the major subgenres found in these multi-text conglomerates – news, opinion and advertising – the focus is on news reports. The chapter outlines how the chronological mode of reporting news preferred in the first two hundred years of newspapers gave way to the inverted pyramid style of news narration, subsequently abandoned for more flexible models like the package approach in modern news discourse. Furthermore, this chapter provides insights into contemporary journalistic ideals and practices employed in positioning the paper and balancing information density and readership appeal.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
The New Cambridge History of the English Language
Documentation, Sources of Data and Modelling
, pp. 534 - 558
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

auf dem Keller, Caren. 2006. Changes in textual structures of book advertisements in the ZEN Corpus. In Renouf, Antoinette and Kehoe, Andrew (eds.), The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 143162.Google Scholar
Barker, Hannah. 2000. Newspapers, Politics and English Society, 1695–1855. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika. 2006. Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika and Caple, Helen. 2012. News Discourse. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Benedict, Barbara M. 2018. Advertising women: gender and the vendor in the print culture of the medical marketplace, 1660–1830. In Batchelor, Jennie and Powell, Manushag N. (eds.), Women’s Periodicals and Print Culture in Britain, 16901820s, the Long Eighteenth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 411425.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511621024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas and Finegan, Edward. 1989. Styles of stance in English: lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect. Text 9: 93124.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas and Finegan, Edward. 1997. Diachronic relations among speech-based and written registers in English. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena (eds.), To Explain the Present. Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, pp. 253275.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas and Gray, Bethany. 2012. The competing demands of popularization vs. economy: written language in the age of mass literacy. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 314328.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199922765.013.0028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, Jeremy. 1987. The English Press in the Eighteenth Century. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Black, Jeremy. 2019. The English Press. London: Bloomsbury.10.5040/9781474219419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borchard, Gregory A. 2019. A Narrative History of the American Press. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Borde, Sarah. 2015. Late Modern English death notices: transformations of a traditional text type. In Bös, Birte and Kornexl, Lucia (eds.), Changing Genre Conventions in Historical English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 103134.10.1075/ahs.5.05borCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bös, Birte. 2010. Dialogic quotation patterns in historical news reports. In Brownlees, Nicholas, del Lungo, Gabriella and Denton, John (eds.), The Language of Public and Private Communication in a Historical Perspective. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 228244.Google Scholar
Bös, Birte. 2015a. From 1760 to 1960: diversification and popularization. In Facchinetti, Roberta, Brownlees, Nicholas, Bös, Birte and Fries, Udo, News as Changing Texts – Corpora, Methodologies and Analysis. Second edition. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 91143.Google Scholar
Bös, Birte. 2015b. ‘… which they read not so much for the Newes as the Stile’: impartiality as an important asset in early 18th-century news writing. In Emig, Rainer and Gohrisch, Jana (eds.), Anglistentag 2014 Hannover: Proceedings. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, pp. 4965.Google Scholar
Bös, Birte. 2017. Of hopes and plans: newsmakers’ metadiscourse at the dawn of the newspaper age. In Palander-Collin, Minna, Ratia, Maura and Taavitsainen, Irma (eds.), Diachronic Developments in English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1538.10.1075/ahs.6.02bosCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bös, Birte and Kornexl, Lucia (eds.). 2015. Changing Genre Conventions in Historical English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Brownlees, Nicholas (ed.). 2006. News Discourse in Early Modern Britain. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Brownlees, Nicholas. 2010. Narrating contemporaneity: text and structure in English news. In Dooley, Brendan (ed.), The Dissemination of News and the Emergence of Contemporaneity in Early Modern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 225250.Google Scholar
Brownlees, Nicholas. 2014 [2011]. The Language of Periodical News in Seventeenth-Century England. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Brownlees, Nicholas. 2016. ‘Newes also came by Letters’: functions and features of epistolary news in English news publications of the seventeenth century. In Raymond, Joad and Moxham, Noah (eds.), News Networks in Early Modern Europe. Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill, pp. 394419. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1ng.24.Google Scholar
Brownlees, Nicholas. 2018. The Gazette de Londres: disseminating news and exercising news management through translation. Token: A Journal of English Linguistics 7: 1333.Google Scholar
Brownlees, Nicholas (ed.). 2021. The Role of Context in the Production and Reception of Historical News Discourse. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Cecconi, Elisabetta. 2015. Comparing discourse construction in 17th-century news genres: a case study of murder reports. In Bös, Birte and Kornexl, Lucia (eds.), Changing Genre Conventions in Historical English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 163190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cecconi, Elisabetta. 2019. The popularisation of trial discourse in 18th-century periodicals: a corpus-based study of the Old Bailey Trial Proceedings and newspaper trial reports (1710–1779). Lingue e Linguaggi 30: 6585, http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/linguelinguaggi/article/view/19293/17725.Google Scholar
Chovanec, Jan. 2017. From adverts to letters to the editor: external voicing in early sports match announcements. In Palander-Collin, Minna, Ratia, Maura and Taavitsainen, Irma (eds.), Diachronic Developments in English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 175197.10.1075/ahs.6.10choCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claridge, Claudia. 2009. ‘As silly as an Irish Teague’: comparisons in early English news discourse. In Jucker, Andreas H. (ed.), Early Modern English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 91114.10.1075/pbns.187.08claCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claridge, Claudia. 2010. News discourse. In Jucker, Andreas H. and Taavitsainen, Irma (eds.), Historical Pragmatics. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, pp. 588620.Google Scholar
Claridge, Claudia. 2015. News in space and time. In Bös, Birte and Kornexl, Lucia (eds.), Changing Genre Conventions in Historical English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 5580.10.1075/ahs.5.03claCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claridge, Claudia. 2021. Murder in the press: representations of Old Bailey murder trials in newspapers. In Brownlees, Nicholas (ed.), The Role of Context in the Production and Reception of Historical News Discourse. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 107128.Google Scholar
Conboy, Martin. 2002. The Press and Popular Culture. London: Sage.10.4135/9781446219898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conboy, Martin. 2006. Tabloid Britain. Constructing a Community through Language. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Conboy, Martin. 2010. The Language of Newspapers: Socio-Historical Perspectives. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Conboy, Martin. 2015. Tabloid culture: the political economy of a newspaper style. In Conboy, Martin and Steel, John (eds.), The Routledge Companion to British Media History. Oxford and New York: Routledge, pp. 215227.Google Scholar
Cook, Elizabeth Christine. 2000 [1907–1921]. Colonial newspapers and magazines, 1704–1775. In W. P. Trent, J. Erskine, S. P. Sherman and C. Van Doren (eds.), The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. Vol. XV: English Colonial and Revolutionary Literature; Early National Literature, n.p. www.bartleby.com/225/0702.html.Google Scholar
Engel, Matthew. 1996. Tickle the Public. One Hundred Years of the Popular Press. London: Victor Gollancz.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Norman. 1994. Conversationalization of public discourse and the authority of the consumer. In Keat, Russell, Whiteley, Nigel and Abercrombie, Nicholas (eds.), The Authority of the Consumer. New York: Routledge, pp. 253268.Google Scholar
Ferdinand, Christine. 1999. Constructing the frameworks of desire: how newspapers sold books in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In Raymond, Joad (ed.), News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain. London: Frank Cass, pp. 157175.Google Scholar
Ferdinand, Christine. 2009. Newspapers and the sale of books in the provinces. In Suarez, Michael F. and Turner, Michael L. (eds.), The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5: 1695–1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 434447.10.1017/CHOL9780521810173.023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Roger. 1991. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fries, Udo. 1997. Electuarium Mirabile: praise in 18th-century medical advertisements. In Aarts, Jan, de Mönnink, Inge and Wekker, Herman (eds.), Studies in English Language and Teaching: In Honour of Flor Aarts. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 5773.Google Scholar
Fries, Udo. 2006. Death notices: the birth of a genre. In Facchinetti, Roberta and Rissanen, Matti (eds.), Corpus-Based Studies of Diachronic English. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 157170.Google Scholar
Fries, Udo. 2009. Crime and punishment. In Jucker, Andreas H. (ed.), Early Modern English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1330.Google Scholar
Fries, Udo. 2010. Sentence length, sentence complexity and the noun phrase in 18th-century news publications. In Kytö, Merja, Scahill, John and Tanabe, Harumi (eds.), Language Change and Variation from Old English to Late Modern English. A Festschrift for Minoji Akimoto. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 2133.Google Scholar
Fries, Udo. 2015. Newspapers from 1665 to 1765. In Facchinetti, Roberta, Brownlees, Nicholas, Bös, Birte and Fries, Udo, News as Changing Texts: Corpora, Methodologies and Analysis. Second edition. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 4990.Google Scholar
Fries, Udo and Lehmann, Hans Martin. 2006. The style of 18th-century English newspapers: lexical diversity. In Brownlees, Nicholas (ed.), News Discourse in Early Modern Britain. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 91104.Google Scholar
Gardner, Victoria. 2015. Eighteenth-century newspapers and public opinion. In Conboy, Martin and Steel, John (eds.), The Routledge Companion to British Media History. Oxford and New York: Routledge, pp. 195205.Google Scholar
Gieszinger, Sabine. 2001. The History of Advertising Language. The Advertisements in The Times from 1788 to 1996. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Goff, Moira. 2007. Early English newspapers and the law. 17th and 18th Century Burney Newspapers Collection. Detroit: Gale. www.gale.com/binaries/content/assets/gale-us-en/primary-sources/intl-gps/intl-gps-essays/full-ghn-contextual-essays/ghn_essay_1718bnc_goff3_website.pdf.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 2002. A linguistic history of advertising 1700–1890. In Fanego, Teresa, Méndez-Naya, Belén and Seoane, Elena (eds.), Sounds, Words, Texts and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 83104.10.1075/cilt.224.08gorCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, Dennis (ed.). 1992. The Encyclopedia of the British Press 14221992. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.Google Scholar
Hampton, Mark. 2001. ‘Understanding media’: theories of the press in Britain, 1850–1914. Media, Culture & Society 23.2: 213231.10.1177/016344301023002004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampton, Mark. 2004. Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850–1950. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Mair, Christian. 1999. ‘Agile’ and ‘uptight’ genres: the corpus-based approach to language change in progress. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 4.2: 221242.10.1075/ijcl.4.2.02hunCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. 2006. ‘but ’tis believed that …’: speech and thought presentation in early English newspapers. In Brownlees, Nicholas (ed.), News Discourse in Early Modern Britain. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 105126.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. (ed.). 2009. Early Modern English News Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. and Taavitsainen, Irma. 2013. English Historical Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.10.1515/9780748644704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Ed. 2007. British Newspapers 18001860. British Library Newspapers. www.gale.com/intl/essays/ed-king-british-newspapers-1800-1860.Google Scholar
Kyle, Chris R. and Peacey, Jason. 2008. Breaking News: Renaissance Journalism and the Birth of the Newspaper. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library.Google Scholar
Lee, Alan J. 1976. The Origins of the Popular Press in England 1855–1914. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Liddle, David. 1999. Who invented the ‘leading article’?: reconstructing the history and prehistory of a Victorian newspaper genre. Media History 5.1: 518.10.1080/13688809909357947CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Shannon E. 2003. Newspaper history traditions. In Martin, Shannon E. and Copeland, David E. (eds.), The Function of Newspapers in Society: A Global Perspective. Westport and London: Praeger, pp. 111.Google Scholar
Matheson, Donald. 2000. The birth of news discourse: change in news language in British newspapers, 1880–1930. Media Culture & Society 22: 557573.10.1177/016344300022005002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdock, Graham and Golding, Peter. 1978. The structure, ownership and control of the press, 1914–76. In Boyce, George, Curran, James and Wingate, Pauline (eds.), Newspaper History from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day. London: Constable, pp. 130148.Google Scholar
Percy, Carol. 2012. Early advertising and newspapers as sources of sociolinguistic investigation. In Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel and Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo (eds.), The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 191210.Google Scholar
Pöttker, Horst. 2005. The news pyramid and its origin from the American journalism in the 19th century: a professional approach and an empirical inquiry. In Høyer, Svennik and Pöttker, Horst (eds.), Diffusion of the News Paradigm 18502002. Gothenburg: Nordicom, pp. 5164.Google Scholar
Rooney, Dick. 2000. Thirty years of competition in the British tabloid press: the Mirror and the Sun 1968–1998. In Sparks, Colin and Tulloch, John (eds.), Tabloid Tales: Global Debates over Media Standards. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 91109.Google Scholar
Scanlan, Chip. 2003. Writing from the top down: pros and cons of the inverted pyramid. www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2003/writing-from-the-top-down-pros-and-cons-of-the-inverted-pyramid/.Google Scholar
Schneider, Kristina. 2002. The Development of Popular Journalism in England from 1700 to the Present. Corpus Compilation and Selective Stylistic Analysis. Rostock: PhD thesis.Google Scholar
Smitterberg, Erik. 2014. Syntactic stability and change in nineteenth-century newspaper language. In Hundt, Marianne (ed.), Late Modern English Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 309330.Google Scholar
Steen, Gerald. 2003. Conversationalization in discourse: stylistic changes in editorials of The Times between 1950 and 2000. In Lagerwerf, Luuk, Spooren, Wilbert and Degand, Liesbeth (eds.), Determination of Information and Tenor in Texts: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Discourse 2002. Münster: Nodus, pp. 115124.Google Scholar
Studer, Patrick. 2008. Historical Corpus Stylistics. Media, Technology and Change. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Sturiale, Massimo. 2016. ‘As The Times goes by’: the codification of (British) English pronunciation and the press. Textus 29.3: 5980.Google Scholar
Sturiale, Massimo. 2018. Late Modern newspapers as a mirror of linguistic (in)stability and change. Token: A Journal of English Linguistics 7: 3551.Google Scholar
Taavitsainen, Irma. 2010. Discourse and genre dynamics in Early Modern English medical writing. In Taavitsainen, Irma and Pahta, Päivi (eds.), Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 2953.Google Scholar
Ungerer, Friedrich. 2000. News stories and news events: a changing relationship. In Ungerer, Friedrich (ed.), English Media Texts: Past and Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 177195.10.1075/pbns.80.12ungCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungerer, Friedrich. 2002. When news stories are no longer just stories: the emergence of the top-down structure in news reports in English newspapers. In Fischer, Andreas, Tottie, Gunnel and Lehmann, Hans Martin (eds.), Text Types and Corpora. Studies in Honour of Udo Fries. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, pp. 91104.Google Scholar
Uribe, Rodrigo and Gunter, Barry. 2004. Research note: the tabloidization of British tabloids. European Journal of Communication 19.3: 387403.10.1177/0267323104045265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Brian and McIntyre, Dan. 2015. Thinking about the news: thought presentation in Early Modern English news writing. In Baker, Paul and McEnery, Tony (eds.), Corpus and Discourse Studies: Integrating Discourse and Corpora. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 175191.10.1057/9781137431738_9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Robin B. 1973. Advertising in London newspapers, 1650–1750. Business History 15.2: 112130.Google Scholar
Westin, Ingrid. 2002. Language Change in English Newspaper Editorials. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Wiener, Joel H. 2011. The Americanization of the British Press. 1830s–1914: Speed in the Age of Transatlantic Journalism. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230347953CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Joel H. 2015. The nineteenth century and the emergence of a mass circulation press. In Conboy, Martin and Steel, John (eds.), The Routledge Companion to British Media History. Oxford and New York: Routledge, pp. 206214.Google Scholar
Williams, Kevin. 2010. Read All About It! A History of the British Newspaper. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.0 A

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book conforms to version 2.0 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ensuring core accessibility principles are addressed and meets the basic (A) level of WCAG compliance, addressing essential accessibility barriers.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×