Introduction

Libraries have been exploring new ways to make their content available in digital formats for decades. They host all types of rich content, including images, text, newspapers, postcards, maps, journals, video and audio. Reuse is defined as use of the data regardless of when it is used, the purpose, the characteristics of the data and its user (van de Sandt et al., 2019). A common case of reuse is when an institution publishes a dataset (e.g. a bibliographic catalogue) and a researcher reuses this data for a particular purpose (e.g. assessing its quality). New initiatives have emerged to publish and reuse digital content in recent years. For example, the International GLAM Labs Community (https://glamlabs.io) promotes the creation of new teams in cultural heritage institutions that focus on the publication, under open licences, and reuse of digital collections in innovative and creative ways (Mahey et al., 2019). In a similar way, the Collections as Data initiative aims to promote the publishing of digital collections suitable for responsible computational use (Padilla et al., 2023). In the GLAM context, compu - tational use refers to the use of advanced techniques such as computer vision, named-entity recognition, information retrieval or network analysis. Several tools, including checklists and workflows, were recently published in order to facilitate the adoption of collections as data approaches in different contexts, such as small and medium-sized institutions (Candela et al., 2023), and more advanced environments, such as data spaces (Candela, Chambers and Irollo, 2023). Other initiatives are focused on the publication of FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) data (Wilkinson et al., 2016) that are complemented by the CARE principles to encourage ethical data use (Carroll et al., 2020).