Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 September 2025
As the United States moves chronologically further away from slavery, many argue that the country has settled into a race-neutral, or even post-racial, society (Hughey, 2013; Bonilla-Silva, 2015; Lentin, 2015). Visible ascendance of people of color in the workplace, education system, entertainment industry, and political realm suggests that the power differentials between white people and other races have been eradicated. However, racial inequality still pervades and constrains the quality of life of people of color. Similarly, because women have made significant advances in the workplace, education system, and other institutions from which they were previously barred, this progress is often interpreted as proof of the decrease – or even complete eradication – of sexism. The strides that women have made have the downside of reinforcing an ideology of meritocracy that so insidiously refutes the legitimacy of male privilege as a dominating force. Some even argue that ‘female privilege’ is the modern-day sexism, and that men are the more disadvantaged group (Wente, 2017; Torre, 2019). Those who endorse the existence of male privilege rely on the underlying belief that men are privileged by virtue of being men. The rebuttal that not all men benefit from male privilege is often written off as ‘mansplaining’ by masculinists and men's rights activists (Conner et al, 2018). Arguments over whether ‘all men’ have privilege or ‘not all men’ have privilege ultimately revolve around the ideology that male privilege is a zero-sum accomplishment, a willful removal of power from women that advances men in their careers, relationships, and day-to-day lives.
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