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9 - Liquid–Liquid Phase-Transfer Catalysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2020

Laurence R. Weatherley
Laurence R. Weatherley
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
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Summary

Phase-transfer catalysis involves chemical reactions which occur in a two-phase liquid–liquid system and it has been shown to provide an effective method for organic synthesis. Phase-transfer catalytic reactions can facilitate high conversions and reaction selectivity and thus are consistent with the principles of green chemistry and process intensification. The basic mechanisms involved in phase-transfer catalysis and the related suite of reactions that involve catalytic transfer hydrogenations are briefly described and reviewed. The requirements and benefits of phase-transfer catalytic systems are summarized. Organic syntheses which exploit the principles of phase-transfer catalysis are described as examples of intensification. These include: synthesis of phenyl alkyl acetonitriles, transfer hydrogenations, alkyl oxidation and sulfonation reactions, etherification of cresols in a three-phase system, organic oxidations, nitrations, polymerizations, and organic condensation reactions. The enhancement of phase-transfer catalysis using other intensification methods, such as ultrasonics, is also described.

Keywords

organic synthesistransfer hydrogenationthree-phase systemsoxidationsnitrationspolymerizationscondensation reactions
Type
Chapter
Information
Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Processes , pp. 341 - 364
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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