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32 - Intracranial epilepsy monitoring using wireless neural recordingsystems

from Part VI - Brain interfaces

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2015

By
Gürkan Yilmaz  and
Catherine Dehollain
Edited by
Sandro Carrara  and
Krzysztof Iniewski
Gürkan Yilmaz
Affiliation:
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Catherine Dehollain
Affiliation:
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Sandro Carrara
Affiliation:
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Krzysztof Iniewski
Affiliation:
Redlen Technologies Inc., Canada
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Summary

Introduction

“How does the brain work?” This question, which has been askedthroughout the history of mankind, is addressed by all branches of science,in particular life sciences, from different perspectives. Although all seeka different answer, the common feature that triggers the research isobservation. This, together with curiosity, is whatmakes the beginning of a scientific study. From the electrical engineeringperspective, observations are performed by recording the electrical signalsgenerated by the neurons and interpreting the results. These interpretationsguide the research of scientists who are trying to map the brain, or tounderstand the mechanisms behind neurological disorders, or to implementbrain–machine interfaces [1]. Methods for recording the neuralsignals have evolved to the current state over decades, and the evolutionstill goes on. This chapter introduces the main concepts of thenew-generation neural recording systems: implantable wireless neuralrecording systems with a case study on in vivo epilepsymonitoring.

Current clinical practice in recording electrical activities of the brain isdominated by electroencephalography (EEG) which is a non-invasive procedureperformed along the scalp. Another type of EEG, intracranial EEG (iEEG; alsoknown as electrocorticography, ECoG), is an invasive procedure which isperformed by placing an electrode matrix (or array) onto the cortexfollowing the craniotomy as presented in Figure 32.1 [2]. Intracranial EEGis employed for epileptic focus localization prior to the resective surgery[3] which is performed to treat certain types of epilepsy. New-generationneural recording systems [4] aim to alter two main features of conventionaliEEG: (1) macro-sized iEEG electrodes will be replaced with microelectrodearrays (MEA) fabricated with microtechnology, and (2) transcutaneous wirescarrying neural information will be eliminated thanks to wireless datacommunication.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Bioelectronics
Directly Interfacing Electronics and Biological Systems
 , pp. 389 - 399
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

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