Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 December 2009
Parts of this book are based on earlier publications. Chapter 2 substantially reproduces a paper with the same title that is about to appear in the Transactions of the Philological Society (Matthews, 1992); I am grateful to the Secretary for Publications for allowing that earlier version to go ahead. In the first two sections of Chapter 3 I have incorporated some material from my contribution to a Festschrift for R. H. Robins, edited by F. R. Palmer and Th. Bynon and published by Cambridge University Press (Matthews, 1986). A preliminary and much shorter version of Chapter 4 appeared with a different title in An Encyclopaedia of Language, edited by N. E. Collinge and published by Routledge (Matthews, 1990a). It has been rewritten almost entirely, but I am grateful for their permission to incorporate material from it.
John Lyons has very kindly read and commented on the final typescript. I dedicate the book to my wife, Lucienne Schleich; she has not only commented on most of it but, more importantly, she has taught me the self-discipline needed to write it.
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