INTRODUCTION TO PART I

PoC has been a core part of UN peace operations for over 20 years. Between 1999 and 2021,123 the following fift een UN peace operations have been provided with a PoC mandate: UNAMSIL, the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) (which was replaced by MONUSCO in 2010126 and to which, from 2013 onwards, the Intervention Brigade was added), the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) (which was replaced by the United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) (i.e. a police mission and thus not included in this study) in 2017), the United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB), the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) (which was replaced by the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the United Nations—African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT), MINUSMA, and MINUSCA. In the last decades, the UN Security Council has also provided UN Member States and regional or international organisations other than the UN with an explicit mandate to protect civilians in the territory of a third State. In 2001, the UN Security Council initially provided UN Member States with an authorisation to undertake a PoC mandate in Afghanistan.