The next three chapters trace the organizational development of the CCP and the KMT, linking intraparty power struggles to party-building strategies and subsequently, the development of party mobilization infrastructure. I pay close attention to contingencies during the critical junctures, showing that they shifted the balance of power among party elites and generated a ripple effect on party-building strategies and party mobilization infrastructure. Specifically, Chapter 5 documents the intense intraparty power struggle occurring in the CCP after the sudden downfall of CCP leader Chen Duxiu in 1927, following intervention by the Comintern and the Soviet Union. From 1927 to 1934, the intense elite contestation under the shadow of the Comintern led CCP elites to pursue radical urban insurgencies and a worker-centric party-building strategies despite China’s predominance as an agrarian society. Hence, this approach left the party fragile and mire in turmoil.