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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2025

Markus Kröger
Markus Kröger
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Clearcut
Political Economies of Deforestation
 , pp. 302 - 311
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Aalistunturi, 174–175, 221–223, 230–231
Aalto, Tino, 203
Äänekoski, 18, 168
acacia, 247, 249
acai, 63
Acre, 3, 8, 10–11, 21, 26, 33, 37, 52–56, 77–79, 81, 92, 101–102, 112, 119–120, 257–258, 260–261, 263–264
activism, 92, 165, 174, 220, 233, 235, 237, 263
environmental, 225
forest, 204, 220, 222–223, 225, 228–230, 233, 235, 263
Afro-Brazilian, 155
Agent Orange, 242
Agrarian Party. See Centre Party
agrarian reform, 69, 72, 88, 170, 250
agroextractivism, 14, 17–19, 35, 40, 46, 249–250, 264
agrotoxics, 90, 267–268
Aho, Hanna, 186
airstrips, 114, 145, 152–153
Ala-Aho, Heikki, 206, 210–211
aldeia, 63, 91, 94, 144
Alter do Chão, 149
Amapá, 85
Amazon gold mining, 18, 25, 79, 106–107, 112, 119–120, 148
Amazon Rainforest, 15, 25–26, 97
Amazon River, 41, 52, 85
Amazon Watch, 112
Amazonas, 52, 56, 60, 72, 148
Amazon–Cerrado, transition forest, 51
American Civil War, 243. See also war
Amsterdam, 244
Stock Exchange, 71
Andean–Amazon forests, 132
Andean–Amazonian, 10, 120
ANDRITZ, 169
Anthropocene, 8, 17
Apaylon, 124
Arc of Deforestation, 52, 60, 96
Operation, 45
Arctic, 10, 195
Argentina, 249
armed groups, 104, 116
artisanal and small-scale gold mining, 117
artisanal mining, 120
gold, 101, 104, 120, 130, 140
ASGM. See artisanal and small-scale gold mining
Ashaninkas, 129
Asia, 25, 185, 242, 249, 252
aspen, 188
Atlantic
ocean, 85
Rainforest, 35, 249, 264
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, 218
authoritarianism, 207
autodefensas, 104
Baca Casas, 122
Bahia, 8, 250, 264
Banco do Brasil, 83, 158
bandidagem, 68
bandido, 68
bark beetle, 165, 188–189, 192
Baú Indigenous Reserve, 88
beef, 14, 22, 26, 41–43, 77, 82–83, 96–97, 158, 243, 251, 254, 257, 261
Bela Vista Farm, 49
Belém, 8, 43, 45, 82, 84, 152
Belo Monte Dam, 82, 91, 157–158, 264
biodiversity, 5, 117, 128, 155, 185, 187, 191, 205, 208, 211, 216, 218, 226, 229, 263
hotspot, 85
loss, 168, 186, 193, 223
policy, 6
bioeconomy, 10, 13, 18, 190, 196, 201, 205, 208, 227, 249
boom, 262–263
debate, 210
forest, 186
hype, 181, 262
mills, 201
productivist, 194
strategy, 204–205
tree-based, 263
wood-based, 25, 181
bioenergy, 262
Bioenergy Association, the, 210
biofuel, 16, 204, 247
biogas, 182
biorefineries, 18, 247, 262
birch, 188, 192
blanks, 7, 244, 247, 269
blood gold, 112
Boa Vista, 150
Bogor, 241
Bolivia, 13, 25, 29, 54, 107, 112–113, 117, 148, 152, 249, 261
Bolsonaristas, 84, 90, 148
Bolsonaro, 21, 104, 266
appointment, 44, 46
era, 57, 60, 73, 75, 91, 113, 260
government, 69, 146, 151, 155, 157, 258
policy, 42, 251
regime, 7–8, 14, 43, 46, 56, 59, 70–73, 81, 84, 110, 113, 145–146, 242
supporters, 251, 266
Bolsonaro, Jair, 45–46, 55, 59–61, 79, 84, 96–97, 113, 138–139, 145–146, 148, 157, 251–252, 264
boreal forest, 21–22, 25, 168, 176, 185
Borneo Island, 241
Bourdieu, Pierre, 24, 79, 209
BR-163 highway, 8, 41, 60, 62, 64, 66–67, 74, 87, 89, 94–95, 112, 141, 156–157, 251, 258, 268
Brasília, 66, 69, 71, 74, 87, 90–91, 146, 148, 266–267
Brazil Foods, 83
Brazil nut, 136, 138
collector. See castañero
Brazilian Amazon, 4, 8, 29, 33, 39, 42, 57, 92, 109, 111, 138, 144
deforestation, 257
fires, 251
states, 80
Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources, 42, 46, 60, 67, 70, 110, 137, 140, 142, 147–148, 152–154, 157–159
Brazilian Landess Movement, 69, 73, 85, 90
Brazil’s National Development Bank, 83, 85, 111, 158
Brazil’s Prosecution Service, 107
BRICs countries, 86, 158
British Columbia, 22, 189
British Imperial fleet, 244
Bunge, 85
Cacique, 63, 91–92, 94, 270
Cadastro Ambiental Rural, 44, 70
Caiapó, 104
Caiová, 72
Canada, 25, 112, 123
capitalism, extractivist, 6
capitalist system, 259
extractive, 6
global, 248
capitalist world system, 243, 248
Capitalocene, 7
Carajás, 8, 82
carbon, 174, 178, 189, 208
capture, 25, 187, 210
emissions, 165, 176, 180–181, 201, 249
monoxide, 244
neutral, 186
removal, 186
sink, 176, 201, 205–206, 216
stock, 182
wood, 202
Cargill, 41–42, 85, 95, 247
Caribbean, 7, 149
Carol DTVM, 150
Carrefour, 43
cartórios, 56, 65
castañero, 136
Castanha, 141
Castelo dos Sonhos, 67, 112, 141
Castilho, Alceu, 81
Caterpillar, 122
cattle capitalism, 18, 26, 30, 35, 48, 50–51, 77, 256–257, 259
cattle pastures, 29, 250
cattle ranching, 3, 28–29, 36, 257
cattle-raising, 39, 261
causalities, 5, 24, 29, 97
Cenepa, 132
Center for International Forestry Research, 241
Central Bank, 150–151
Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners, 171, 198–200, 210, 213
Centre Party, 171, 183–184, 234
Cerrado, 26, 35, 50, 82, 264, 268
deforestation, 89, 157
forest, 247, 250
transition forest, 48
chagra, 136
charcoal, 247
Chasp, 124
Chávez, Hugo, 113
Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, 21, 26, 53, 55, 57, 79, 257
Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, 42, 64–65, 106, 109–110, 146–147, 150–152, 154, 157
chief forester, 178, 209, 216, 218
Chile, 168, 180, 249
China, 25, 42–43, 204, 241, 247, 251, 254, 260, 262
China Development Bank, 85
chip wood, 181–182, 203
Christian Democrat, 132, 183
clearcutting
frontier, 165, 177
model, 185, 193, 196, 206
Climaco, Valmir, 42–43, 65–66, 77–78, 90
climate change, 16, 168, 186, 189, 201, 205, 207, 229, 245, 267
climate crisis, 186, 189, 246, 252
climatic-ecological tipping points, 255
cocaine, 66, 108, 116, 152–153
colocação, 258
Colombia, 30, 85, 104, 108, 113–114, 145, 152, 154
Comando Vermelho, 73, 145, 155
Comissão Pró-Índio, 119, 260
Committee of Foreign Affairs, 251
commodity frontier, 6, 8, 30, 41, 51, 85, 253–254
companheiros, 69
competition, 7, 30, 86, 181–182, 196, 200, 246, 250, 252, 265
compra, 144
Confederation of Finnish Industries, 251
conflict mineral, 112
Conibo River, 120
coniferous, 192, 236
conservation areas, 3, 8, 26–27, 33, 39, 42, 47, 53–55, 57, 63, 86, 97, 109–110, 117, 124, 141, 151, 156–157, 168, 178, 193, 206, 208, 222, 226, 257–258, 261, 263
multiple-use, 21, 84, 86
conservation units, 26, 56, 72, 87–88, 109, 146, 156
constitution, 1993127
Constitutional Court, Peru, 128–129
contentious
agency, 160, 174, 229, 258
logging, 22
politics, 190
tactics, 168
continuous cover silviculture, 184, 194, 198, 213, 224
Correa, Rafael, 132
COVID-19, 14, 111, 113, 123–124, 131, 133, 146, 163
cowboy, 21, 33, 76, 141
culture, 33, 48, 77
CPI. See Comissão Pró-Índio
critical agrarian studies, 19
Cruzeiro do Sul, 8, 55
Cuiabá, 8, 60, 141, 267
Cusco, 3, 81, 102, 120–121, 125, 133
dam-building, 11, 82, 158
De Olho nos Ruralistas, 81
de Sousa Santos, Boaventura, 132
deciduous, 188, 192
desertification, 26, 97
developmentalism, 30, 158, 263
neo, 85
developmentalist, 83, 85, 127–128, 242, 254
Donner-Amnell, Jakob, 182, 204
dono, 62, 66, 143, 156
drone, 63, 92–93, 138
drug trade, 25, 107, 113, 152, 154, 259
drug trafficking, 18, 25, 68, 73, 114, 116, 128, 139, 145, 148, 152–153
DTVM. See gold shop
eco-anxiety, 236
ecopsychology, 236
ecosocialism, 30
Ecuador, 13, 132
energywood, 22, 25, 188, 191, 198, 200, 202–203, 213–214, 219
demand, 181
plants, 181
production, 165, 191
sector, 160, 202–203
England, 242
Environment Commission, 72
environmental crime, 45–46, 58, 107, 116, 150, 153
Environmental Dialogue, 2021208
environmental protection area, 109
environmental studies, 17
environmentalism, 207
post-, 4
socio, 5
epochal moments, 14, 165, 242–245, 254
Eräjää, Sini, 185
erätarkastaja, 231
Ese Eja, 126, 129
Espírito Santo, 264
Essayah, Sari, 222
ethnography, 8, 10, 19, 26, 125
EU, 85
Deforestation Regulation, 246
eucalyptus, 16, 19, 41, 168, 249, 264
EU–Mercosul. See Mercosul
European Commission, 216
European Environmental Agency Scientific Committee, 186
European Union, 25, 42, 186, 190, 196, 201, 204, 206, 208–209, 225, 251–252
biodiversity, 215, 226
Commission, 185, 200, 226
deforestation, 246
law, 30
even-aged rotation forest management, 184–185, 211, 213–214
everyone’s rights, 176
export-led growth, 22
Extinction Rebellion, 165, 170, 174, 220, 225–226, 233–235, 263
extraction–development nexus, 17
extractive capitalism, 15, 28, 257, 264
Extractive Reserve, 21, 258
Arapiuns, 258–259
Chico Mendes, 258
Tapajós-Arapiuns, 26
extractivism, 7–8, 11, 15, 17, 19, 24, 27–28, 30, 75, 83, 112, 131, 133, 136, 138–139, 158, 195, 207, 227, 247, 252
concept of, 17, 29
deforesting, 23, 112, 264
forestry, 7, 17, 194, 197, 218, 244, 262
global, 14, 120, 247, 254
gold, 119, 122–123
gold mining, 107
hyper, 26, 35, 195
mining, 27
neo, 82
post-, 138–139
ranching, 18
extractivist capitalism, 26
extractivist frontiers, 8
Faleiro, Airton, 87
family tree, 175, 237
fazendeiro, 48, 67, 69
FD’Gold, 150–151
Federal Police, 44–45, 90, 145, 147, 152–155
Federal Prosecution Service, 43–45, 150–151
FENAMAD. See Native Federation
Ferreyros, 122
fiber wood, 185, 187–188, 190, 197, 262
financial crisis, 200841, 111, 127
Finland
Central, 192
Eastern, 183, 189, 214
Northern, 171–173, 184, 195, 210, 214, 226, 230, 263
Southern, 176, 184, 189, 192, 210, 226, 244
Finnish Association for Nature Conservation, 169, 177, 186, 189, 205, 215, 220, 222, 226, 228, 233, 263
Finnish Climate Change Panel, 201, 205
Finnish Forest Act, 194, 196, 198, 211
Finnish Forest Center, the, 210, 212
Finnish Forest Foundation, 210
Finnish Forest Research Institute, 198
Finnish Forest Service. See Forest Government; Metsähallitus
Finnish Innovation Fund, 181
Finnish Natural Heritage Foundation, 225
First Capital Command, 73, 104, 114, 145, 151, 154–155
First World War. See war
fiscais, 147
Flamengo, 266
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 3, 37
forest activism. See activism
Forest Centers, 198–199, 212
Forest Cluster Research Strategy, 203
Forest Code, 201254, 81, 150, 156
forest degradation, 6, 101, 243
forest ecology, 22–23, 185, 197
Forest Government. See Finnish Forest Service; Metsähallitus
Forest Law, 1886195
Forest Magazine, 212
Forest Management Associations, 174–175, 198, 211–212, 217
Forest Oversight, 138
forest relations, 225
forest spirit, 166, 269
Forest Stewardship Council, 86, 205, 208, 224, 246
Forest Workers’ Foundation, the, 210
forest-based livelihoods, 5, 76, 139
Forestry Boards, 199
Fray Bentos, 168
Freire, Atawallpa, 132
Fronteira, 141
Fujimori, 127
era, 120
government, 119, 127
Future of the Countryside, 206
Gana Gold, 109
Garcia, Nabhan, 71–74
garimpeiros, 104, 144, 147–148, 152, 154
garimpos, 66, 78, 106, 110, 140, 142–150, 152, 154
Gaza, 14
Geiser, Gustavo, 45–46
General Environmental Law, 127
General Mining Law, 1991127
geopolitical ecology, 7
German, 66, 173, 242
Germany, 187
global capitalism, 17–18, 37, 82, 111, 243
global climate tipping point, 6, 17, 25, 30, 85, 112, 248
Global Convention on Biological Diversity, 186
global crisis, 28, 109, 242, 245
global deforestation, 5–6, 23, 30, 254–255
global development studies, 17
global ecology, 17
global environmental governance, 245–246
Global North, 156, 168
Global South, 37, 168–169, 211, 250, 253
globalization, 120, 196
Goiás, 51
gold mines, 65, 101, 114, 125, 140–141, 143, 145, 151–153
gold mining, illegal, 30, 63, 66, 102, 104, 108, 111–114, 116–117, 126, 140–141, 145–146, 149–150, 153, 264
gold shop, 141, 143–144, 146, 149–151, 153
grandes, 68
grassroots
decision-making, 160
level, 42, 230
green economy, 249
Green Party, 226, 251
green transition, 226–227
Green Tribunal, 149
greenhouse gas, 179, 186, 189
Greenpeace, 165, 174, 185, 205, 215–216, 220, 226, 228, 233–235
Greens, 183, 226
greenwashing, 170, 205, 208
grilagem, 52, 56, 58, 64, 66, 70–72, 145
grileiros, 43, 48, 56, 59, 64–66, 69, 147–148, 155
gross domestic product, 125
Grota, 151, 153
Guajajara, Sônia, 84
Guarani, 72
guerilla, 104, 113–114, 116
Guyana, 104, 107
Halme, Panu, 226
Harakmbut, 126
harsintahakkuu, 194
Haverinen, Yrjö, 177, 185, 213, 220, 226, 229, 263
hegemony, 20–21, 30, 40, 82, 119, 170, 174, 178–180, 194, 196, 198, 253
clearcutting, 163, 263
pulp, 180, 229, 237, 254, 263
Western, 86
Helsingin Sanomat, 205
Helsinki, 163, 169, 179, 231, 234
Helsinki University of Technology, 229
high conservation value, 208
high nature value, 208
Holocene, 219
holy tree, 175
Huánuco, 132
Huepetuhe, 121
Humaitá, 148
Human Rights Court, 130
Human Rights Watch, 59–60
human trafficking, 104, 121, 125
hunger years, 244
hyper-extractivist, 194
Hyundai, 153
Hyvönen, Hannes Aleksi, 187
IBAMA. See Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources
ICMBio. See Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation
Igarapé Report, 150
Igor Silva, 151
Ilomantsi, 171
Imatra, 228
India, 11, 122, 149
Indigenous, 4, 13, 44, 63, 72, 84, 95, 121, 126, 132, 135, 146, 207, 250, 260, 269
activist, 91, 149
agroforestry, 135–136
areas, 55, 84, 88, 97
candidate, 132
communities, 86, 119, 126–127, 129–130, 132–133, 135, 138–139, 149, 152, 259
forestholders, 84
groups, 43, 114, 127, 129
informant, 114
lands, 26, 41–44, 63–65, 72, 84, 86, 91, 104, 106, 110, 113, 116, 128, 146, 152, 154, 257
leaders, 63, 91, 94, 129, 133, 136, 144
movement, 96, 132
organizations, 260
peoples, 36, 43, 56, 65, 71–72, 86, 91, 93, 95, 101, 114, 121, 126, 128–129, 131–133, 138–139, 172
populations, 21
reserves, 104
resistance, 139, 152
territories, 84, 145, 147, 150, 155
villages, 63, 91, 117
women, 125
Indonesia, 19–20, 168, 241, 247, 249, 261
industrial forestry, 16, 19, 27–28, 160
Brazil, 8
Finland, 11, 170–172, 262
global, 11, 262
Industrial Forestry Association, 210
InSight Crime, 104, 113–114
Instituto Igarapé, 150
Instituto Socioambiental, 104
Inter-American Court of Human Rights of the Organization of American States, 129
Inter-American Development Bank, 85
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 132
Internal Revenue Service, 151
International Finance Corporation, 83
Interoceanic Highway, 3, 10, 54, 81, 102, 108, 117, 120, 124, 127, 149, 157, 254, 259–260
interoceanic road, 119
interstate system, 7, 28, 241, 245–246, 253–255, 265
IPBES Report. See Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Isnäs, 228
Itaituba, 42, 49, 61–62, 64–66, 77–78, 87–88, 91, 94–95, 106, 112, 141, 143–144, 146–147, 149, 151, 153, 270
mayor, 151
region, 42, 151, 153
Italy, 112
Ituna-Itatá, 44
Ituna-Itatá Indigenous Territory, 43–44
Ivete, Dona, 69, 78, 94–95
Jacareacanga, 64, 106, 148
Jakarta, 241
Jamanxim
FLONA, 88, 109
logging, 46
River, 63, 92
Japan Bank for International Cooperation, 85
John Deere, 195
Julián Chollo. See Sanmartín, Miguel Diaz
Kaiapó, 36, 144
Institute, 40
Kainuu, 171, 232
Kalimantan, 241
Kallio, Kyösti, 170
Karelian War. See war
Karttimonjoki, 215–216, 232–233, 235
Kaukas mill, 216
Kauppinen, Juha, 225
Kayapó, 95, 144
Kemi, 18, 168, 184
Kemijärvi, 229
Kone Foundation, 224–226
Korean War. See war
Korhonen, Ida, 175, 177, 207, 221–223, 227
Kovalainen, Ritva, 171
Kuusankoski, 229
La Pampa, 124–125
Lähde, Erikki, 193, 198, 215
lähteä lapasesta, 232
land grabbers, 37, 48, 52, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 65, 71–72, 81, 84, 88, 90, 154, 156–158, 258
land grabbing, 16, 18, 30, 36, 44, 49, 51, 53, 55–60, 64–66, 71, 73, 81–82, 86–87, 89, 91, 97, 146, 155–156, 158, 254
deforesting, 20
mafia, 72
ranchers, 44
violent, 42, 71, 89
land mafia, 20, 57, 59–60, 62, 66, 68–70, 73–74, 81–82, 90, 97
land speculation, 11, 27, 36, 75, 257–258, 263
Lapland, 172, 242
northern, 194
western, 174, 221–222
Lappeenranta, 178, 204, 216, 228
latifundiários, 147
latifundio, 60, 69, 71
grande, 69
Latin America, 82, 114, 132, 150, 159, 250
governments, 30, 83
mining, 108
Latin American, 11
Latvajärvi, Aapo, 211
Law to Promote Gold Mining, 1978120, 127
Left Alliance, 183, 224
Lima, 112, 119, 123, 125, 127, 259
lived environments, 13, 30, 108, 117, 131, 139
lock-in, 39, 181
investment, 97
technological, 16, 191, 250
Loviisa, 228
Low Carbon Roadmap, 204
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 44–45, 82, 84–85, 87, 89–90, 110, 141, 145, 148, 150, 156, 158, 251–252, 260
decree, 150
government, 85, 88, 151, 154–155, 157
lumber, 14, 191, 202, 244, 247
Luonnonmetsätyöryhmä, 215, 233
Luontoliitto, 165, 174, 220, 235
Madeira River, 55
madereiro, 65, 67–69, 95, 147
Madre de Dios, 11, 101–102, 108, 110, 112, 117, 120–121, 123–129, 131, 133, 254, 261
Native Federation, 138
province, 8, 30, 101, 106, 125, 253, 259
River, 132, 134, 149
mãe Terra, 94
Maggi, Blario, 70, 81
Malaysia, 168, 246–247
Malinowski River, 124
Malu, 119, 260
Manaus, 43, 45, 152
Mâncio Lima, 55–56
mandantes, 69
Marabá, 83, 159
Maranhão, 106, 140–141, 143, 250
Marco Temporal legislation, 155
marijuana, 152
Marinho, Zequinha, 43
Massa, Ilmo, 171
mast wood, 247
Mato Grosso, 37, 41, 68, 71, 74, 88, 106, 261, 264
northern, 77, 268
Mazuko River, 120
Mehtätalo, Lauri, 201–202
Meidän Metsämme, 187, 221
Members of Parliament, Finland, 186
Mendes, Chico, 42, 53, 79
Mendoza, Elsa, 123, 125–126, 129, 260–261
MERA, 199
Mercedes-Benz, 141
Mercosul, 85, 251–252
mercury, 18, 63, 103, 107, 112, 117, 126, 130–131, 136, 253, 260
mestizos, 129
Metsä Fibre, 168, 200
Metsä Group, 18, 200, 216, 219, 224
Metsä-Botnia, 168
Metsähallitus, 171, 175, 200, 210, 214–215, 218, 220, 222–223, 231–235
Metsäliike, 169–170, 174, 177, 179, 204, 220–222, 226, 230–233, 235–236, 263
Metsäliitto, 200
metsänhoitoyhdistys, 173–174, 212
Metsätalous Oy, 175
Metsäteollisuus. See Industrial Forestry Association
Metso, 169, 181, 183, 213, 222
Mikkola, Jyri, 173, 175–176, 179, 181, 189, 195, 202–205, 207, 215–216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 228, 233
mining bank, 119–120, 130
mining boom, 25, 108, 120–121, 126, 259
Ministry of Agrarian Development, 78
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 171, 175, 204–205, 210, 212, 221, 223
Ministry of Environment, 125, 222
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 139, 251
Ministry of Mines, Peru, 123, 128
Miritituba, Port of, 62
Molanovich, Augusto, 11, 13, 124, 128–129
money laundering, 18, 25, 45–46, 60, 68, 73, 103, 107, 113, 122–123, 145–146, 150, 152–153, 259
monoculture plantations, 7, 37, 55, 57, 264
Montreal Protocol, 245
moral economy, 18–19, 30, 77–78, 121, 174–176, 190, 206, 212, 262
clearcutting, 175
pro-ranching, 76
ranching, 77
Morales, Evo, 261
muito chucras, 62
multisited political ethnography. See ethnography
Munduruku, 63, 91–92, 144, 152, 269–270
aldeia, 63
forest, 63
lands, 46, 64, 88, 91, 106, 113, 152
village, 91
Munduruku, Aldira, 92–95, 144
Munduruku, Rozeninho, 91–93
Nabhan gang, 71, 74
narco, 106, 110, 145–146, 152–153
gold, 152, 154
terrorists, 154
traffickers, 153
narcogarimpeiros, 106, 148, 153
narcogarimpo, 139, 145–146, 151, 153
National Coalition, 183
National Confederation of Agriculture and Livestock, 40
National Day of Indigenous People, 91
National Forest Strategy, 2019204
national forests, 86
National Indian Foundation, 43–44, 65, 91, 95, 150
National Institute for Colonialization and Agrarian Reform, 47, 70, 72, 257
National Liberation Army, 104, 113–114
Native Federation, 138
Natura, 206, 226
natural forest work group. See Luonnonmetsätyöryhmä
nature loss, 223–224, 226
neodevelopmentalist, 87, 132
agenda, 82, 264
frontier, 82
infrastructure, 82
projects, 81
regimes, 261
state policies, 5
neoextractivist, 132, 260
neoliberal, 16, 45, 119–120, 127, 132, 169, 182, 196, 200
New Left, 132
Niinistö, Ville, 226
nonanthropocentric, 13, 223
non-destined public forests, 72
nongovernmental organization, 56–57, 62, 74, 93–94, 104, 131, 133, 135, 137–138, 150, 220
conservation, 229
nonwood forest products, 129
Nordestino, 155
Nordic, 11, 261
Nordic Investment Bank, 85
North America, 21–22, 243, 252
North Karelia, 171
Nova Mutum, 268
Novo Progresso, 36, 41, 61, 66–68, 95, 147–148
Nugget City. See Itaituba
Odebrecht, 85, 254, 260
oil palm, 16, 19–20, 41, 241
Okusan, 43
old-growth forest, 21–22, 166, 173, 182–183, 214, 220, 222, 226, 244, 253, 256, 262
Oliveira, Rodrigo, 45, 151
Ollikainen, Markku, 201–202
OM DTVM, 150
onto-epistemologies, 17
open-pit mining, 122, 158
Operation Mercury, 124
organized crime, 18, 25, 30, 45–46, 69, 73, 104, 111, 113–114, 116, 125, 145–146, 154–155
Orinoco Delta, 112–113, 141
Orpo, Petteri, 226
Orpo government, 222
Osara, Nils Arthur, 173
Osaran aukot, 173
Pacific Highway, 29, 33, 55
Pacific Northwest, 22
Pacific ocean, 85
Pajé, 94
palm oil, 19, 84, 241, 247, 261
Palmichal, 137
Pan-Amazonian, 96, 116, 260
Pantanal, 251, 267
Papagaio, 94
paper, 168, 180–181, 187, 197, 201–204, 219
companies, 169, 200, 216
industry, 165, 172, 177, 180, 183, 185–187, 191, 193–195, 216
mill, 219, 228
production, 165, 192–193
Pará, 8, 37, 39, 41, 45, 52, 56, 60–61, 66, 69, 74, 77, 80, 83, 85, 87–89, 112, 140, 141, 143–144, 151–153, 258–259
south, 68
southeastern, 41
southern, 106
southwest, 154, 157
western, 41, 145
Paraguay, 29, 249
paramilitaries, 70, 73, 104
Pariamanu, 124
Pariuás, 144
participant observation, 8, 19, 131
Pastoral Land Commission, 146
path dependency, 16, 39, 250
Payaba, Juana, 129–130
peão de gado, 51
Pérez, Yaku, 132
Peruvian Amazon, 92, 112, 120, 132, 264
Petro, Gustavo, 85
Petrobras, 85
pine, 163, 168, 188, 192–193, 197, 243, 249
Pirkanmaa, 211
pistoleiros, 69, 71, 94, 114, 155
Placas, 67, 148
planetary limits, 255
plantation sector, 55, 258, 261
Plantationocene, 7
polacos brancos, 68
Poland, 225
political ecology, 17, 19–21, 23, 104
political economic systems, 21, 29, 92, 241
political economies, 6, 11, 15–17, 19, 22, 25, 29, 69, 71, 88, 103, 257–258, 261
Brazilian, 36
comparative, 10
dominant, 27, 40, 156, 262
forest, 182, 195
international, 265
land grabbing, 71
local, 123
trees, 262
political ontology, 23, 135, 207
political power, 29, 45, 70–71, 81, 116, 119, 124, 146, 192, 246
pollution, 117, 126, 130, 136, 144, 187, 229
Ponsse, 169, 195
Pontal, 72
Pontal do Paranapanema, 71
Ponte do Abunã, 55
Pontes, Felicio, 43–44, 155, 158
Porto Velho, 55
posse, 70
posseiros, 69, 86
post-mining landscapes, 117, 133
potash, 247
Pöyry, 169, 181
private forest, 165, 182, 194–195, 198–200, 204, 217, 222
capital, 196
prostibares, 125
protest, 90, 94–95, 121, 141, 160, 168, 170, 174–175, 220–223, 230–231, 234, 237, 251, 263
Pucallpa, 55, 126
Pudasjärvi, 173
Puerto Maldonado, 3, 81, 102, 119, 123, 126, 129, 133, 135, 137
Pukkala, Timo, 215
pulp, 22–23, 65, 160, 177, 179, 181, 188, 214, 226, 236, 241, 247, 249, 251, 254
boom, 168
capitalism, 197
cartel, 200
companies, 180
digester, 234
industry, 18, 165, 170, 172, 180–181, 183, 185–186, 191, 193, 195, 232
investment, 10, 82, 169, 262
making, 185, 193–194, 201–202, 204, 206, 219, 264
mills, 16, 25, 201, 211, 216, 223, 228–229, 262
plantation, 83, 214, 217
production, 165
products, 187
sector, 111
wood, 176
qualitative comparative analysis, 24
Quilombola, 155
Rainforest Foundation, 138
raiskata, 172
raiskio, 172
ramal, 54
ranching-grabbing, 11, 37, 39, 41–42, 47, 49, 55–56, 68, 75–76, 80–81, 96–97, 101, 108, 112, 264
ranching-land grabbing, 19, 39
Raposa Serra do Sol, 113
RDPE theory, 117, 159, 246
Regional Council in Finland, 208
regional forest board. See Forest Centers
Regional Strategy for Low Emission Rural Development of Madre de Dios, 127
Regulation on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, 186–187, 201
reindeer, 172, 195, 210, 235
herder, 234
resistance, 3, 16, 30, 43–44, 58, 69, 75–76, 91, 95–96, 126, 129, 131, 134–135, 137, 139, 149–150, 154, 157–158, 168, 172, 204, 212, 215–216, 219–220, 225, 228, 246, 255, 258, 260, 263–264
clearcutting, 30, 171, 227
deforestation, 15, 29–30, 89
extractivisms, 7, 128
grassroots, 5
local, 44, 129, 159, 228, 246
movements, 69
nonmodernist, 157
strategies, 93, 95
transformative, 139
Restoration Act, 224–225
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, 104, 113–114
Ricardian, 16, 250
Ricardo, 104
Ricardo, David, 18
right-wing, 104, 132, 225, 250
Rio Branco, 8, 33, 54
Rio de Janeiro, 73, 145, 266
Romans, 248
Ronaldo, Caiado, 74
Rondônia, 41, 55–56, 74, 258
Roraima, 41, 84, 104, 110, 113, 141, 148, 150–151, 154, 157
Rossetto, Neuri, 90
Rotterdam, 247
Rousseff, Dilma, 59, 81, 84, 91, 96, 158
rubber boom, 126
rubber tappers, 21, 53, 56, 95, 258
rule of law, 44, 48, 58, 67, 82, 84, 95, 155–158, 259
rural elites, 37, 71
Rural Environmental Registry system, 44, 70, 72, 81, 154
Rural Workers’ Union, 69, 78, 95
Russia, 113, 177
border, 171
border closure, 165, 243
imports, 177
invasion of Ukraine, 14, 163, 181, 252
Saarinen, Jussi, 217
Sahateollisuus RY, 203
Salles, Ricardo, 46, 146, 152
Sámi, 172, 195, 227
activists, 195, 227
forest, 195
homeland, 172
land rights, 195
reindeer, 195
rights, 227
Skolt, 208
Sanmartín, Miguel Diaz, 114
Santana port, 43
Santarém, 8, 41, 45, 52, 60, 69, 86–87, 89, 94–95, 152, 258, 267
city, 150, 247
region, 8, 41, 60, 69, 87, 95, 258
São Félix do Xingu, 39
São Paulo, 51, 71–72, 89, 145, 153
Sápmi, 171–172, 194–195, 210, 227
savannization, 26, 97
sawn wood, 165, 201–203
Sawré Muybu, 63, 91, 144, 270
Scarcello, Miguel, 56
Second World War. See war
Securities and Exchange Commission, 151
Seppo, Sanni, 225
Serra do Cachimbo, 88
Serra do Divisor National Park, 55
Shipibo, 126, 129–130
Silva, Igor, 106, 151–152, 154
silver, 248, 253
Singapore, 241, 247
Sinop, 77, 268
Sipilä government, 181, 185
smallholder, 21, 47, 58, 68–69, 79, 259
small-scale mining, 102, 122
smuggling, 107, 121
Soares, Heverton. See Grota
Social Democrats, 183
social media, 114, 149, 175, 205, 207–208, 224, 233
socionatures, 13
Sodankylä, 226
SOS Amazõnia, 56–57
South Africa, 252
South America, 85, 122, 133, 180, 252
South Karelia, 163, 165, 170, 177, 189, 211, 228–229, 263
southwestern Pará, 30, 101, 106, 109–110, 141, 151–152, 156
Soviet Union, 170, 173, 192, 244
soybean boom, 50
soybean frontier, 50, 53, 146, 247
soybean plantation, 5, 29, 33, 51, 53, 55, 58, 77, 112, 158, 247, 250, 268
soybean planters, 33, 37, 46–47, 55
soybean-feed-fuel complex, 13
space
physical, 51, 74, 79, 119, 178, 191, 261
social, 119, 178, 191, 261
symbolic, 24, 79, 119, 138, 178, 191, 261
Spanish Armada, 242
spruce, 25, 163, 168, 188–189, 192, 211, 219, 224, 249, 261
staples, 22
staples theory, 22
staples thesis. See export-led growth
Stora Enso, 169, 200, 219, 228
sturdy logs, 187–188
Sugar Loaf, 266
Suomen Metsäsäätiö. See Finnish Forest Foundation
Superintendency of Development for the Amazon, 39
Supreme Court, 90, 141, 149–150, 267
Suriname, 141
Suutari, Virpi, 221
Sweden, 25, 182, 236
Swedish Democrats, 183
Swedish Export Credit Corporation, 85
Switzerland, 112, 122
Tahvonen, Olli, 185, 195
Taimi-Tapio, 212
Tambopata National Reserve, 123–124
Tampere, 179, 263
Tapajós, 109, 154
basin, 106, 151
extractive reserve, 95, 109, 258–259
FLONA, 86
Tapajós River, 30, 52, 62–63, 87, 91, 94, 144, 149, 247, 269
Tapio, 198, 212, 217
tar, 7, 247
boom, 243–244
Temer
government, 157
interim government, 81
regime, 84, 145
Temer, Michel, 59, 84, 96
Terra do Meio, 39
Terra Legal Program, 156
terras devolutas, 154
Tocantins, 51, 250
Tornator, 212, 224
Transamazônica, 49, 63–67, 87, 251, 269
Treccani, Girolamo, 70
tree plantation, 3, 18–19, 25, 29, 111, 169, 176, 191–193, 198, 205, 233, 243, 249, 261
Tres Islas, 129–131, 133, 135, 137–139
community, 101, 126, 128, 130, 132, 135, 137, 149
Native Community, 128, 131
patrols, 137
resistance, 137
Três Lagoas, 264
triple frontier, 30, 104, 113–114, 116
Tupinambá, Gilson, 94
Tupinambá people, 94
Turku, 179, 263
Ucayali River, 120
Ukraine, 14, 163, 181, 243, 252
Unguiá, 72
United Arab Emirates, 122
United Kingdom, 112
United States of America, 7, 22, 71, 122, 141, 159, 242
University of Helsinki, 185, 221
UPM, 168, 178, 200, 204, 216, 219, 224, 228
Uraricoera River, 110, 114
Uruguay, 168
Uusitalo, Samuel, 208
Vaara, Lauri, 197–200
Vaario, Markku, 211
Vantaa, 179
Värriö Strict Nature Reserve, 172
Venezuela, 13, 25, 30, 104, 112–114, 133, 141, 145
Vietnam, 242
Viiankiaapa, 226
violence, 7–8, 16, 21, 41, 48, 57, 59–60, 64, 67, 71–73, 75–76, 79, 82, 90, 92, 107, 126–127, 136, 145–148, 156, 173, 179, 197, 248, 258, 260
acts of, 74
foundational, 228
onto-epistemic, 208
organized, 71
rural, 146, 266
sexual, 172
territorial, 104
ungovernable, 56
Virtanen, Minka, 169, 220, 232–237
Voisalmi, 216
Volvo, 120, 122
Wapichana, Joênia, 45
war, 7, 14, 28, 64, 129, 154, 165, 172–173, 181, 192, 242–244, 252, 254, 265
American Civil War, 243
civil, 242
First World War, 192
Karelian, 170
Korean War, 243–244
making, 7, 181, 242, 254
Second World War, 170, 172–173, 191, 218, 242–244, 254
web of life, 13, 171, 197, 207, 256, 270
Weber, Max, 67
welfare state, 192–193, 223
Wolfring, Conrado, 66–68, 70, 148–149
Wood Processing Engineers Association, the, 210
Workers’ Party, 46, 56, 81–85, 87, 140, 156, 158, 263
World Bank, 37, 39, 83, 85, 199
world system, 7, 37, 248, 253–254
World Wildlife Foundation, 185, 213
world-ecology, 7–8, 14–16, 23–24, 30, 40, 107, 111, 200, 207, 243, 253–254
Xavier, Marcelo, 44
Xinguri, 40
Yanomami, 110, 114, 145
Indigenous territories, 84, 104
lands, 113–114, 141, 145, 148, 151, 153, 157
villagers, 114
Yapacana, 104
Yapacana National Park, 113
Yhteismetsä Tuohi, 217
Yleisradio Oy, 60, 183

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  • Index
  • Markus Kröger, University of Helsinki
  • Book: Clearcut
  • Online publication: 03 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009389556.020
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  • Index
  • Markus Kröger, University of Helsinki
  • Book: Clearcut
  • Online publication: 03 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009389556.020
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  • Index
  • Markus Kröger, University of Helsinki
  • Book: Clearcut
  • Online publication: 03 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009389556.020
Available formats
×