The author begins by noting that Brazil ranks in second place when it comes to the number of wildlife species under threat. The main causes of the decline in wildlife populations in Brazil are: loss/reduction of habitat; increased human occupation; economic exploitation of forest and wetland areas; wildlife trafficking; and hunting. The 1988 Constitution of Brazil establishes the obligation of the Federal government to enact environmental criminal legislation. The Federal Law n. 9.605/1998 (also known as the Environmental Criminal Law) used command-and-control as an attempt to halt environmental crimes. The author argues that the majority of the environmental crimes described in this law allows for execution of agreements between prosecutor and the violator to minimize penalty and avoid incarceration