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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2025
Bowing to pressure from the coalition, Cicero defended A. Gabinius, consul when Cicero went into exile, on charges of extortion, as well as C. Rabirius on trial for recovery of tainted money. On January 18, 52, when Milo and Clodius encountered by chance at Bovillae, eleven miles southeast of Rome, a fight erupted, and Clodius was killed. Milo was convicted in spite of Cicero’s defense. The published speech is brilliant but flawed because it must ignore too many of the facts. Around this time, Cicero was elected to the prestigious board of augurs. Cicero’s mature reflections on the Roman state and the statesman’s role are contained in the dialogue On the Commonwealth. A companion dialogue, On Laws, was begun at this time but never published. On the Commonwealth appeared just before Cicero’s departure for Cilicia, where he was required to serve as governor under a new law enacted by Pompey.
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