The introduction focuses on the transformations of the age of steam and print. Modern technology brought unprecedented change, reshaping both human interaction with nature and the function of art and craftsmanship. The shift from agrarian life to the industrial age created a radically new world that demands careful attention. The most visible changes appeared in transportation and communication, where journeys once lasting months could now be completed in days, and news circulated within minutes. This revolution enabled rapid movement of people, ideas, and information, profoundly altering knowledge and perception. Although connections among different regions existed earlier, the nineteenth century introduced extraordinary speed and continuity, turning isolated settlements into globally interconnected spaces. Steamships, railways, telegraphs, and the printing press were the key instruments of this transformation. The circulation of newspapers and printed works fostered unprecedented awareness of distant lands and gave rise to new concepts such as the “Islamic world” or âlem-i Islam in Ottoman literature. These inventions not only expanded imagination and ideologies like Pan-Islamism but also reshaped the Ottoman outlook.