This chapter delves into the role of discourse in language development, extending beyond simple grammar to encompass social context and effective communication. It examines how cognitive structures, linguistic principles, and text genres – narrative, descriptive, expository, and argumentative – interact to shape discourse. Special focus is placed on cognitive discourse functions (CDFs), which guide thought and communication, alongside the importance of cohesion and coherence in constructing meaning.

While discourse is often overshadowed by syntax and lexis, research uncovers developmental patterns in both monolinguals and bilinguals. As learners advance, they refine cohesion strategies, transition from narrative to expository texts, and better integrate CDFs. Tools like Coh-Metrix and TAACO aid in discourse analysis, though much is still to be explored.

L1 and L2 discourse development follows similar paths, though L2 growth may lag due to syntactic proficiency thresholds. This chapter highlights the interplay of cognition, language exposure, and academic demands in shaping discourse mastery, reinforcing the need to support multilingual proficiency in education.