On October 27, 1944, the editors of Neamul evreesc (The Jewish Nation), one of the main Jewish national newspapers, published an editorial entitled “We Want Justice: One Hour Earlier” (Vrem dreptate: cu un ceas mai devreme) reflecting the most important requests of the Jews of Romania to help them rebuild their lives after the Holocaust. They represented the voices of the largest Jewish community in postwar Europe outside the USSR, estimated at 428,000–450,000 people in 1947. Arguing that expropriation of property and denial of rights was the second worst category of antisemitic crimes perpetrated by the pro-Nazi dictatorship of General/Marshall Ion Antonescu between September 1940 and August 1944 (the first being mass murder, as Romania had been the largest Holocaust perpetrating country after Germany), the journalists emphasized that the Jewish survivors “expected with an understandable impatience that all the injustices they suffered be fully repaired” by the new democratic Romania. They expressed their disappointment about the delay of the “restitution in integrum” (full restitution) of their rights and wondered about the reasons behind it. Acknowledging the difficulty of repairing injustices and returning property taken by force and the lawmakers’ efforts to draft a restitution law, the journalists emphasized that postponing full restitution and reparations meant the perpetuation of suffering for many Jews. The journalists also argued that the Jews who were tortured in the camps or lost their family members were entitled to reparations and asked lawmakers to adopt a law to immediately address this injustice after the first restitution law would be enacted. This newspaper editorial encapsulates the problems, disappointments, and hopes of many Jewish survivors during their struggle to obtain restitution and rebuild their lives in Romania.

The way that the teacher's planning decisions are realized in-flight will require the capacity to adapt the plan in line with the actual classroom circumstances, as these evolve in time and space: no lesson plan, however carefully elaborated, can fully anticipate how the learners will respond to it. The teacher, therefore, needs the skills whereby the lesson can be managed so as to maximize learning opportunities, even in the face of the unpredictable.

• 48 Adaptive expertise

• 49 The physical space

• 50 The online space

• 51 Classroom management and instructions

• 52 Classroom interaction: the teacher

• 53 Classroom interaction: pair and group work

• 54 Challenge/push/pace/flow

• 55 Openings, closings and transitions

• 56 Using presentation software

• 57 Providing feedback

• 58 Dealing with emergent language

Adaptive expertise

We have seen already that even the most meticulously planned lessons don't always go to plan (see 11). Here is an example, taken from an actual classroom in Mexico (from Cadorath and Harris, 1998, p. 188):

Here, despite the unexpected contribution of one student, and the interest it aroused on the part of the other students, the teacher made the decision to stick to her plan. She may have had very good reasons to do this. Nevertheless, you can't help feeling that there was an opportunity lost here, and that the teacher's decision to go with the plan was in fact a lack of decision. She could, for example, have decided to get the other students to ask Jorge, in English, about his wedding, with a view to their writing it up as a news story.

While the First World War may not have been the first war to be global in scope, the development of European societies, economies and governance meant that combatant states were able to make effective use of the levers of national power in ways hitherto unseen. Capable of mobilising the resources of their own nations and their empires, the belligerents raise, equipped and sustained large forces in the field for four years. In the process of building their own power, they developed mechanisms to apply military, diplomatic and economic pressures on their enemies. The states best able to mobilise and deploy all the levers of national power – Britain and France – had the edge in the long war over Germany, which concentrated on building its military power at the expense of other levers. This chapter explores how the Entente was able to make deliberate use of its resources more effectively than the Central Powers to achieve its strategic goals.

Chapter 5 addresses a major demographic puzzle concerning thousands of New York slaves who seem to have gone missing in the transition from slavery to freedom, and the chapter questions how and if slaves were sold South. The keys to solving this puzzle include estimates of common death rates, census undercounting, changing gender ratios in the New York black population, and, most importantly, a proper interpretation of the 1799 emancipation law and its effects on how the children of slaves were counted in the census. Given an extensive analysis of census data, with various demographic techniques for understanding how populations change over time, I conclude that a large number of New York slaves (between 1,000 and 5,000) were sold South, but not likely as many as some previous historians have suggested. A disproportionate number of these sold slaves came from Long Island and Manhattan.

Chapter 10 evaluates the application of multicarrier waveforms to improve the efficiency of wireless power transfer systems, and proposes efficient power transmitter architectures, including one based on a mode-locked active antenna array.

Chapter 6 looks at how, in democratic societies, the regimes of data collection for the purposes of national security and law enforcement have traditionally been strictly separated. Yet, in the last two decades, complex challenges such as organised crime and terrorism have blurred the border between them, raising concerns about the use of data collected by intelligence agencies as evidence in criminal investigations. The chapter examines issues related to exchange of information between national security and criminal justice domains. It discusses problems associated with the inherent imbalance in aims, functions and safeguards between the two regimes. While considering the exchange of data between intelligence agencies and law enforcement inevitable, the chapter argues that the differences between the regimes create a danger of using national security frameworks to circumvent strict safeguards established in criminal procedure law. It suggests that robust safeguards and measures for accountability and oversight must become an integral part of frameworks that enable and facilitate data flows from the national security domain to criminal investigations.

Many patients with insomnia report difficulties with downregulating or de-arousing. Relaxation techniques have been an established component of CBT for many decades and may be a suitable option for some patients with insomnia. In this chapter a historical and scientific background to relaxation therapeutics is provided. The chapter next describes how to introduce relaxation to patients, and how to frame it as a value proposition. It goes on to provide instruction to clinicians in how to introduce, contextualise, and deliver relaxation therapeutics, namely establishing an evening wind-down routine, progressive muscle relaxation, and autogenic training.