Chapter 1, the introductory chapter, outlines the development of psychotraumatology or traumatic stress studies, in which the author was also partly involved. It traces how it came about that the author Brave Heart and others have been presenting concepts on historical trauma since the early 2000s. An operationalized definition with two basic criteria and five consecutive criteria is presented. The following eight contexts from all parts of the world are presented and their selection justified. The first four are typical configurations of historical trauma because they fulfil all the criteria without exception. The last four historical traumas fulfil only some of the criteria, but are each particularly revealing, for example when it comes to the minimization of the victim narrative for political reasons. The method of the coupled scoping review for the book is explained and the target groups of readership are described.

Twelve million ethnic Germans immigrated between 1944 and 1950, 4.5 million of these to East Germany. This chapter tracks the complex prehistory, in particular the Nazi aggression, that predated their flight from Eastern Europe and their hostile reception in Germany. Contrary to today’s myth of easy integration, the expellees were perceived as wholly Other. The racism of the Nazi era was applied to them – they were thought to look and smell differently and were called a “mulatto race.” Surprisingly, because of their importance as voters, around 1950 the state started to configure them in a way that foreshadowed the salad bowl model: they were allowed to retain their particularist Silesian etc. cultural backgrounds while being seen as unequivocally belonging to the German nation. This chapter suggests that contemporary German society remember their migration differently: as one of many waves, no more “natural” or important than that of Eritrean asylum seekers or Soviet Jews, and as quintessentially modern by foreshadowing the salad bowl model avant la lettre.