This chapter surveys the introduction of new technologies, regional centers of industry, development of business organization, and the broad cultural consequences.

This chapter focuses on the areas of Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS), Health and Physical Education, Science, Technologies and Languages and we approach these areas using the critical framework of the Ten Teacher Questions. We hope that you may revisit Chapter 6 to refresh your understanding of the ACARA Cross-curriculum Priorities, and as you progress into the Teaching Ideas of this chapter.

The world is undergoing unprecedented change as a result of global population increases, rapid urbanization, and the acceleration of affluence in developing countries, which leads to increased consumption of resources and impactful emissions.

This chapter explores the notion of ‘technologies’ in the Australian Primary Curriculum in the Learning Areas of Design and Technologies, and Digital Technologies, and in the General Capability area of Digital Literacy, and the ways in which they can be used to enhance the learning of science. You will be introduced to contexts that provide opportunities to harness the synergistic relationship between the processes of thinking and working scientifically, and design and production skills, to solve authentic problems or issues. Examples of effective Design Challenges will be presented as ‘hooks’ to gain student interest and to purposefully address required concepts in Science, and Design and Technologies in the Australian Curriculum. Opportunities for including links to Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures through a Design and Technologies approach will be included, with links to a range of useful resources.

Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations presents an authoritative overview of the various continuities and changes in migration and globalization from the 1800s to the present day. Despite revolutionary changes in communication technologies, the growing accessibility of long-distance travel, and globalization across major economies, the rise of nation-states empowered immigration regulation and bureaucratic capacities for enforcement that curtailed migration. One major theme worldwide across the post-1800 centuries was the differentiation between “skilled” and “unskilled” workers, often considered through a racialized lens; it emerged as the primary divide between greater rights of immigration and citizenship for the former, and confinement to temporary or unauthorized migrant status for the latter. Through thirty-one chapters, this volume further evaluates the long global history of migration; and it shows that despite the increased disciplinary systems, the primacy of migration remains and continues to shape political, economic, and social landscapes around the world.

Black resistance movements are among the most surveilled social movements in American history. From slave insurrections to Jim Crow and Black Lives Matter mobilizations, the government and its accomplices have long worked to monitor and control these movements. This chapter explores the history of Black surveillance and control, elaborating on the impact new technologies and shifting demographics have had on Black resistance movements and their strategies to counter this surveillance and control.

This chapter argues that Samuel Beckett’s plays function as a kind of fulcrum in a theatrical history of staging and thematising surveillance, extending from Dion Boucicault’s The Octoroon (1859) through Augusta Gregory’s Spreading the News (1904), to Enda Walsh’s Arlington (2016) and David Lloyd’s The Press (2009) and The Pact (2021). Surveillance agencies rely heavily on technology to gather information, but depend on human beings to store, order, and interpret it, and dramatic narratives exploit inconsistencies and injustices arising from slippages between data and its application. Boucicault, Gregory, Walsh, and Lloyd are counterpointed to Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, Endgame, Catastrophe, and What Where, which theatricalise the structuring influence of monitoring and scrutiny on the texture of Irish social experience, personal and public. Once classified in an archive or record, or interpreted in policy and implemented in practice, ‘intelligence’ plays out less as a function of rigorous analysis than ideological determination.

Can physics be beneficial for bringing about human moral and spiritual goods? Modern physics is perpetually in search for grand unification of our world-pictures, but its method is arbitrarily self-limiting in ruling out any place in its conception of nature for the human as spiritual and moral beings. But this estrangement between nature and the human has not always been the case. Drawing from Pierre Hadot’s pioneering work, this essay retrieves the notion of physics as ‘spiritual exercise’ from ancient philosophy and early Christianity for reimagining the enterprise of physics today. Envisaged as spiritual exercise, ancient physics goes beyond a mere acquisition of ‘objective’ knowledge of nature towards the fashioning of human moral and spiritual transformation. Illustrating from Origen of Alexandria, I show that this vision of physics is principally grounded upon a metaphysics that unites all parts of nature, including human nature, into a single whole. This chapter argues that it is desirable to retrieve the ancient vision today not as a displacement of modern physics but through the re-invention of natural philosophy alongside it. This retrieval should give urgency to the task of rethinking the desirability of a comprehensive and unified metaphysical account of nature for today.

Notwithstanding their specificities, different network infrastructures share a fundamental property: they are embedded in and part of general institutional settings. In this chapter, we focus on this institutional dimension. The main point we make is that institutions are composed of different layers. Identifying and characterizing these layers is both challenging and essential for better understanding the alignment (or misalignment) between institutions and technologies that conditions the performance of specific infrastructures. It is challenging because the usual representations of institutions tend to aggregate and mix or even revise many distinct components such as firms, parliaments, courts, etc. It is essential because it is through the different layers that rights are defined, allocated, implemented, and monitored, thus providing the scaffolding of network infrastructures. A central hypothesis underlying the analysis provided in this chapter is that these infrastructures are socio-technological systems; although subject to physical laws through their technological dimension, their development and usage are framed by human-made rules and rights.

This chapter presents an easily followed overview of computational linguistics and where Arabic fits into it. Computational linguistics, often referred to interchangeably as natural language processing (NLP) or human language technologies, is a large and growing interdisciplinary field of research that lies at the intersection of linguistics, computer science, electrical engineering, cognitive science, psychology, pedagogy, and mathematics, among other fields. Research and work on Arabic computational linguistics has lagged behind English and other languages. This is despite a tremendous increase in the relative growth of Arabic NLP in the period between 2012 and 2016. The reason for its slow start is that Arabic presents a series of difficulties to programmers, those being morphological richness, orthographic ambiguity, dialectal variations, orthographic noise, and resource poverty. Those problems have been or are being overcome, and a new generation of researchers has made great strides in the field. This has partly to do with the growing interest in language technologies for opinion mining and translation in social media, which features dialectal Arabic more than MSA. Another motivation is that commercial giants like Apple and Google are interested in applications of Arabic as it is spoken.

The chapter presents temporal and spatial trends of main water indicators. Attention is given to the interaction between water resources and society over time in various parts of the world, the effects of climate change on the available water supplies, the technological means available to cope with water scarcity and deteriorated quality, the institutional and legal means developed in different countries, and the types of decisions needed to manage water resources. As such, the chapter motivates the book’s structure and contents.

We have now come to the end of the book, with much discussion and a lot to absorb along the way. As we noted in chapter 1, the philosophy that marcoms campaigns must be both effective and efficient underpins this book. To be effective and efficient, many elements need to work together. This integrative review chapter provides an overview of the lessons you have learned in this book, summarised into different core themes. Yet this knowledge is useless if they cannot be implemented. In this chapter, we also discuss why IMC implementations have often failed. Finally, we conclude with a word on ethics in IMC and a look into the future of marketing as it becomes more technologically driven.

This chapter is about technologies and how this subject area is taught in Australian primary schools. The first section presents an overview of technology as a discipline. Its connections with engineering and other disciplines are also highlighted. Two examples of technologies developed by Australians are presented to demonstrate how ideas are transformed into products in the real world. The second section deals with technology education and the expectations of the Australian Curriculum: Technologies. The third section shows the connections between the theories of constructivism and constructionism, and how they relate to the delivery of the curriculum.

The Spanish patent system in the twentieth century has been defined by the incorporation of technologies and regulations. Patents have been intermediaries, and their regulation has been subject to complaints, some of which came from abroad. To analyse this reality, I propose two case studies that suggest different patent cultures, subject to specific times and places. The first case, the arrival in Spain of the first North American patents to protect production of penicillins, shows the mediation role patents played. Patents connected practices, languages, and interests from different Spanish and North American professional communities – clinical, industrial, and political – at the end of the 1940s and beginning of the 1950s. The second case, the launch on the market of a Spanish patent for a DNA polymerase, product of research done in a Spanish laboratory and patented in the USA in 1988, shows rather local regulations and the limits on international harmonization. The political, social, and economic changes that protection systems demand differ from one place to another, and do not always coincide with voices calling for harmonization.