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  • 3 - Operationalizing State-Nation Congruence

  • from Part I - Setting the Analytical Stage
  • Lars-Erik Cederman, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, Luc Girardin, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, Carl Müller-Crepon, London School of Economics and Political Science, Yannick I. Pengl, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
  • Book:
    Nationalism and the Transformation of the State
    Published online:
    27 November 2025
    Print publication:
    23 October 2025, pp 54-74
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  • Summary

    Chapter 3 prepares the ground for the empirical analysis contained in the rest of the book. It opens with a motivation of our spatial, map-based approach while accounting for how ethnic groups are used as potential ethnic nations. The account includes detailed information on the data used to operationalize ethnic and state borders. This information allows us to define ethnonationalist segments that serve as the main units of analysis in most of the empirical chapters. The chapter ends with descriptive statistics on the convergence between ethnic and state borders in Europe, highlighting the extent to which ethnic groups adjusted to states and vice versa.