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Building on the notions of markedness (which accounts for the special value attached to particular choices in language display) and affordances (which indicate what languages can be used for what purposes in specific contexts) in the Linguistic Landscape (LL), this chapter develops a social indexicality model to account for the role of language choices in pointing to communities of language users. These communities range from the local (such as graffiti crews or friendship groups) through various configurations of territory and community to the truly global. Language choices may make existential claims for marginalised social groups, and they allow for the status enhancement of local communities by enregisterment. Two case studies focus on territory and community. One presents a ‘village model’ in comparing the predominantly Protestant town of Kilkeel with the predominantly Catholic town of Warrenpoint in Northern Ireland, while the other examines ‘urban diversity’ with regard to displays of Greekness in Astoria (New York) and Greektown in Chicago. The chapter further examines the role of transient visitors and remote multinational organisations in shaping the LL.
The social situation that is built into human language includes only the communicating parties themselves, the reciprocal relations between them, and their mutual relations to an open-ended range of other possible objects to which they may attend. A related difference between language and other animal communication systems is that language allows for interaction which is much more fully dialogical. As pointed out by Benveniste, a related difference between human language and bee communication lies in the potential of language for relayed transmission of messages. This chapter describes a number of features of language and human social relations in abstract terms. It identifies a set of features which are common to all languages and which build into them a primordial social situation. The chapter exemplifies the way in which those features are used in discursive interaction, and the difference they make for triadic interaction when speech is involved.
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