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11 results

  • 3 - Epidemiology

  • from Part 1 - The Public Health Toolkit
  • Edited by Kirsteen Watson, University of Cambridge, Jan Yates, NHS England and NHS Improvement, Stephen Gillam, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    Essential Public Health
    Published online:
    01 December 2023
    Print publication:
    14 December 2023, pp 47-81

  • Summary

    At the core of epidemiology is the use of quantitative methods to study health, and how it may be improved, in populations. It is important to note that epidemiology concerns not only the study of diseases but also of all health-related events. Rational health-promoting public policies require a sound understanding of causation. The epidemiological analysis of a disease or activity from a population perspective is vital in order to be able to organize and monitor effective preventive, curative and rehabilitative services. All health professionals and health-service managers need an awareness of the principles of epidemiology. They need to go beyond questions relating to individuals to challenging fundamentals such as ‘Why did this person get this disease at this time?’, ‘Is the occurrence of the disease increasing and, if so, why?’ and ‘What are the causes or risk factors for this disease?’

  • The place of the relative at the time of the announcement of cancer progression: BABEL – a mixed-methods study

  • Isabelle Ingrand, Estelle Laurent, Thierry Lecomte, Oana Cojocarasu, Joëlle Egreteau, Albert Aleba, José Hureaux, Philippe Colombat, Emmanuel Gyan, Hugues Bourgeois
  • Journal:
    Palliative & Supportive Care / Volume 22 / Issue 5 / October 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    26 June 2023, pp. 1017-1026
    • Article
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  • Objectives

    This study aims to explore the place of the relative in these triadic consultations and how this influences communication.

    Methods

    A mixed-methods research strategy was used. Triadic consultations for the announcement of cancer progression were recorded and following the 3 participants completed questionnaires comprising mirror-items. Recordings and answers were further investigated in a few semi-structured interviews. Comparison of quantitative responses (questionnaires) used Wilcoxon’s test for matched series. Qualitative analyses (consultations, interviews) used grounded theory. Patients were over 18, followed for cancer in palliative phase, excluding brain tumors and malignant hemopathies, and presented renewed disease progression. Relatives were over 18 and authorized by the patient to participate.

    Results

    47 consultations (audio-recordings, answers to questionnaires) and 12 interviews conducted separately with 4 triads were collected. Half the relatives, while remaining in the background, nevertheless contributed to the discussion. For patients, the presence of a relative was considered beneficial and for oncologists it facilitated the announcement. However, symptoms perceived as intimate or private appeared difficult to express for some patients, and for relatives, prognosis was a difficult subject to broach. Although their relationship with time and their expectations may differ, patients and relatives found consultations positive. Oncologists appeared to underestimate the patient’s level of understanding (P<0.001) and perceptions of the seriousness of the disease (P=0.009) but not those of relatives. They did not evaluate the relative’s state of health and check what the dyad had retained.

    Significance of results

    Training via simulation sessions should be adapted to communication involving relatives.

  • Chapter 5 - FSK Crimes and Outcomes

  • Marissa A. Harrison, Pennsylvania State University
  • Book:
    Just as Deadly
    Published online:
    06 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023, pp 72-85

  • Summary

    People tend to want to know the explicit details of crimes, including descriptions of violence and carnage. The author discusses her team’s research, and the research of others when possible, on the places where female serial killers (FSKs) commit their crimes, which typically includes a suburb, and the primary means FSKs use to commit murder, the most common of which is poison. The author presents information on the victims of FSKs, including the average number deceased, and victim age, vulnerability, familiarity, relatedness. Startlingly, more than half of FSKs killed children, more than three-quarters of FSKs killed someone vulnerable and in their care, more than 90% killed at least one person they knew, and more than 60% were related to at least one victim by blood or marriage. The cases of FSKs Tammy Corbett, Genene Jones, and Nanny Doss are presented to illustrate chapter concepts.

  • 8 - Complex Morphotactic Interactions in Swahili

  • Gregory Stump, University of Kentucky
  • Book:
    Morphotactics
    Published online:
    24 November 2022
    Print publication:
    08 December 2022, pp 224-258

  • Summary

    Within a system, multiple patterns of rule combination may interact in complex ways. I present a detailed analysis of Swahili verb inflection in which simple rules, composite rules and aggregated rules all enter into intricate competition, yielding an extravaganza of deviations from canonical morphotactic criteria. At the center of this discussion are three characteristics of Swahili conjugation: (i) the polyfunctionality of verbal concords (in virtue of which the same rule is used to express the noun class of a verb’s subject, that of its pronominal object, or that of a relativized argument), (ii) the expression of negation (by means of three complementary rules), and (iii) the marking of relative verb forms (whose relativized-argument affix participates in an extensive pattern of affix counterposition). The rule-combining approach to morphotactics allows the interacting details of these subsystems to be resolved into two very general types exhibiting an unexpected degree of economy.

  • Keeping it in the family: Relationships between Polar medallists

  • Herbert J. G. Dartnall
  • Journal:
    Polar Record / Volume 58 / 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 September 2022, e34

  • During the 19th century, members of British Arctic expeditions received one of two silver Arctic medals. In 1904, the British Polar Medal was established in both silver and bronze to returning members of the British National Antarctic Expedition. Subsequently awarded to members of both Arctic and Antarctic expeditions, the medal in silver is still awarded today. This paper explores the family links of the recipients from 1904 to the present. Polar medallists related by blood comprise five pairs of brothers, five father-and-son pairs, one grandfather-and-grandson pair, one uncle-and-nephew pair and six pairs of cousins including one male-to-female pair. A female-to-female link has yet to be recorded. Family links resulting from marriage include six husband-and-wife pairs and four pairs of brothers-in-law.

  • Does Frege Have Aristotle's Number?

  • EMILY KATZ
  • Journal:
    Journal of the American Philosophical Association / Volume 9 / Issue 1 / March 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 March 2022, pp. 135-153
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  • Frege argues that number is so unlike the things we accept as properties of external objects that it cannot be such a property. In particular, (1) number is arbitrary in a way that qualities are not, and (2) number is not predicated of its subjects in the way that qualities are. Most Aristotle scholars suppose either that Frege has refuted Aristotle's number theory or that Aristotle avoids Frege's objections by not making numbers properties of external objects. This has led some to conclude that Aristotle's accounts of arithmetical and geometrical objects differ substantially. I close this supposed gap by showing that Aristotle's arithmetical objects, like geometrical objects, are just certain sensible things qua certain properties they in fact possess. Specifically, numbers are pluralities qua quantitative or relational properties like ten units or ten. I show that this view is resistant to the Fregean concerns about arbitrariness and numerical predication.

  • Chapter 33 - Bowel Preparation

  • from Part 7 - Surgery
  • Edited by Hugh Montgomery, Robert Shulman, Mayur Murali
  • Book:
    Surviving Prescribing
    Published online:
    08 June 2020
    Print publication:
    25 June 2020, pp 145-148

  • Summary

    Oral bowel preparation was once commonly prescribed before elective colorectal surgery, but is now only required for a subset of procedures, as its use has been associated with harm. Therefore, caution must be exercised when prescribing; readers are informed of general rules when giving bowel preparation, absolute and relative contraindications, and provided with information on the most commonly used formulations.

  • Temperament and character dimensions of the relatives of schizophrenia patients and controls: The relationship between schizotypal features and personality

  • Emre Bora, Baybars Veznedaroglu
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 22 / Issue 1 / January 2007
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 April 2020, pp. 27-31
  • Purpose

    Previous findings indicated that schizophrenia patients might have a different personality structure from the general population on several dimensions of temperament and character. Some authors proposed that HA might be a marker of underlying genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. Studies on high-risk subjects and first degree relatives of patients is essential to test the value of a measure as a marker of genetic vulnerability to a disease. Few studies tested the biopsychosocial model of personality on unaffected relatives of schizophrenia.

    Subjects and methods

    We compared the Temperament and Character (TCI) profiles of 94 first degree relatives of schizophrenia and 75 controls. We also investigated the relationship between schizotypy and TCI dimensions in the study sample.

    Results

    The harm avoidance scores of the relatives of schizoprenia patients with schizotypal features were significantly higher. Self transcendence scores were also significantly higher among relatives with schizotypal features. In contrast, the relatives of the patients with schizophrenia who did not have schizotypal features had higher SD and C scores than the control group.

    Discussion and conclusion

    This finding is consistent with the previous findings which suggested harm avoidance as a vulnerability indicator of schizophrenia. Some character features like self transcendence might be also associated with schizotypal features.

  • Rigidity Properties for Hyperbolic Generalizations

  • Part of
  • Brendan Burns Healy
  • Journal:
    Canadian Mathematical Bulletin / Volume 63 / Issue 1 / March 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 November 2019, pp. 66-76
    Print publication:
    March 2020

  • We make a few observations on the absence of geometric and topological rigidity for acylindrically hyperbolic and relatively hyperbolic groups. In particular, we demonstrate the lack of a well-defined limit set for acylindrical actions on hyperbolic spaces, even under the assumption of universality. We also prove a statement about relatively hyperbolic groups inspired by a remark by Groves, Manning, and Sisto about the quasi-isometry type of combinatorial cusps. Finally, we summarize these results in a table in order to assert a meta-statement about the decay of metric rigidity as the conditions on actions on hyperbolic spaces are loosened.

  • The origin of the Semitic relative marker

  • John Huehnergard, Na‘ama Pat-El
  • Journal:
    Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies / Volume 81 / Issue 2 / June 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 July 2018, pp. 191-204
    Print publication:
    June 2018

  • All Semitic languages use a relative marker as at least one strategy of relativization, and all branches show reflexes or relics of reflexes of an interdental relative marker. The wide consensus that the relative pronoun was originally identical to the proximal demonstrative is based on the formal identity between the bases of the two in West Semitic, and on the wide attestation of the process Demonstrative > Relative in world languages. In this paper, we will show that there are a number of significant problems with the reconstruction of the relative pronoun, which, when taken together, make tracing its origin to the demonstrative highly unlikely. Instead we will argue that the opposite is true: the demonstrative in West Semitic is a secondary formation on the basis of the relative marker.

  • Relative validity of an FFQ for assessing dietary fluoride intakes of infants and young children living in Iowa

  • Scott J Rankin, Steven M Levy, John J Warren, Julie E Gilmore, Barbara Broffitt
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 14 / Issue 7 / 09 June 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    31 March 2011, pp. 1229-1236
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  • Objective

    To determine the relative validity of a quantitative FFQ in assessing dietary fluoride intakes using 3 d food and beverage diaries for reference.

    Design

    Parents were asked to complete questionnaires for the preceding week and diaries for 3 d for their children. Fluoride intakes were estimated from ‘selected’ foods and beverages for questionnaires and from ‘all foods and beverages’ for diaries. Data collected at 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months were analysed cross-sectionally.

    Setting

    A 3 d food and beverage diary and an FFQ collected through mail from children living in the state of Iowa.

    Subjects

    Children from the Iowa Fluoride Study whose parents completed both an FFQ and a 3 d food and beverage diary at each analysed time point.

    Results

    Correlations between daily mean dietary fluoride intake estimated from questionnaires and diaries range from 0·90 to 0·65.

    Conclusions

    A quantitative FFQ can provide relative estimates of dietary fluoride intake.