The study aimed to investigate effective measures of victimization prevention and ensure the safety of minors in the context of modern threats. The study analysed the approaches to victimization prevention in Kazakhstan, the United States and Germany, with an emphasis on the differences in their methods. The study employed methods of statistical data analysis, regulations and international practice, which ensured a comparative study of the specifics of juvenile protection in different countries. In Kazakhstan, the legal regulation of the digital environment, including the control of harmful content and the enhancement of criminal law, is a priority. Germany uses educational initiatives aimed at both children and their parents to raise awareness of safe online behaviour. In the United States, the development of technological solutions, such as content filters and parental control tools, is prioritized to protect minors. The study highlighted the need to incorporate lessons on safe Internet practices into the school curriculum in Kazakhstan, as well as to enhance parents’ legal literacy through specialized educational courses and information campaigns. The importance of international cooperation aimed at developing unified measures to protect children in the digital space was highlighted. The results of the study demonstrate that effective protection of minors requires a comprehensive approach, including legislative, educational and technological measures. This approach will minimize the victimization of children and create safe conditions for their development in the face of modern digital threats.

It is unquestionable that Colombian armed conflicts have had adverse impacts on the natural environment in the country. Current transitional justice mechanisms offer an opportunity to recognize harm and responsibility, establish restorative sanctions and reparations and adopt public policies for the recovery of ecosystems and prevention of further damage. This article focuses on how transitional justice mechanisms, especially the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, have addressed the effects of armed conflicts on the natural environment. Specifically, it analyzes the criminal characterization of environmental degradation, the question of whether amnesties and pardons could be granted for such conducts, precautionary measures and the implementation of restorative sanctions related to the environment. It presents some challenges regarding the preservation of the natural environment due to the persistence of armed conflicts after the 2016 Peace Accord between the government and the FARC-EP guerrillas, and the sustainability of reparations for victims and prevention of further damage. It also sustains that the developments of current transitional justice mechanisms may have significant influence on ongoing and future peace negotiations with other armed groups and the processes for establishing responsibility for environmental damages.