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This article explores a novel approach to Latin instruction grounded in the principles of the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) and the Minimal Languages framework. Whilst recent developments in Latin pedagogy have increasingly embraced communicative methods, the selection of appropriate target vocabulary remains a critical challenge, especially when traditional frequency lists prioritise terms ill-suited for active use. This, in turn, complicates the implementation of communicative approaches, which depend on accessible and contextually relevant language. We propose Minimal Latin (ML), a minimal language based on a universal lexicon derived from NSM principles and governed by a simplified grammar. ML offers a principled solution for vocabulary selection and lexical sequencing. It also facilitates in-language definitions and the explanation of cultural concepts without recourse to translation. The article outlines the theoretical foundations of NSM and Minimal Languages, presents a Latin version of NSM, and proposes ML as a pedagogical tool for Latin teaching across multiple instructional contexts.
Learning a new language is a challenge not only because of the acquisition of grammar and vocabulary but of worldview. In teaching the Irish-Gaelic language to beginners in North America, using songs has proven central to successful language acquisition. Because Irish-Gaelic has strong regional dialects and grammatical challenges that can affect comprehension and pronunciation, teaching students to sing songs that reflect those challenges leads to the internalization of grammar and vocabulary. For some in the diaspora, Irish is a heritage language; the successful combination of song and language connects them to Ireland in ways that language study alone could not.
Teaching introductory courses on the ancient world is a study in reviewing a vast field of material without compromising on nuance. It is a tightrope walk, especially when beginning a teaching career. Comedy and economics are topics often parsed in more advanced courses to engage the primary source materials and modern debates with appropriate depth of analysis. However, their place in the introductory classroom is an essential aspect of understanding the ancient Greek world fully. Especially as students often struggle to find ancient comedy amusing upon first interaction, teaching these topics is a process of trial and error for the professor, who is often constrained by their own exposure to these topics. This article shares a classroom activity on comedy and economic institutions designed for the introductory class, engaging students by activating prior knowledge and practicing close reading of a selection from an ancient text.
Literary scholars’ expertise is founded on knowledge of a small collection of texts, below which lies the vast realm of archived but long-forgotten literature that Margaret Cohen has called the “Great Unread.” Cohen’s account frames the Great Unread as the exclusive domain of highly trained specialists, while students are, for pragmatic reasons, taught to close-read the established canonical texts. This article argues that there is great value in facilitating the engagement of newcomers with the Great Unread, and in particular, the Global Great Unread. Within a course I created and taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, I guided undergraduates through exploring the Great Unread of nineteenth-century global periodicals, selecting a short story of interest and creating a digital edition to reintroduce the story to a present-day audience. In crafting editorial materials of various kinds, students independently studied and wrote about global contexts ranging from the linguistic to the cultural to the geopolitical. After the course was complete, students could choose to have their edition published on a website and thus actually become available to a public readership beyond the classroom. Through such initiatives, we can expand our understanding of the ways in which literary scholars and literary study can be valuable to publics on a global scale.
This article comparatively examines expertise and policy-making related to school maturity in postwar Czechoslovakia and Poland. Through an analysis of published sources and archival material, it traces the intensive development of pedagogical and psychological expertise about school maturity from the early 1960s onward and examines how that development influenced the policies introduced in both countries in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Using the concept of the expertise as a network as our analytical lens, we show that despite considerable differences in education systems and particular features of expertise in the two countries, pedagogical expertise affected policies in a very similar way through intensive networking, leading to the introduction of measures such as preparatory departments and compensatory classes in Czechoslovakia and early enrollment in Poland. We argue that educational policy-making in post-Stalinist Czechoslovakia and Poland was largely expert-driven. Nevertheless, there were limitations on the experts’ influence, as not all the proposed changes were introduced.
The integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) is reshaping traditional legal pedagogy by introducing new dimensions to research, drafting, and personalized learning. Despite its transformative potential, the application of GAI in legal education remains promising and is accompanied by such challenges as algorithmic bias, privacy concerns, and the generation of fabricated or inaccurate content—issues that continue to divide scholarly opinion on its adoption. With this in mind, the University of Kansas School of Law offered a one-credit, one-hour course on “AI for Lawyers” during the summer of 2025. Along with reproducing the syllabus of the course and some of the professor’s observations, the paper includes an overview of AI and legal pedagogy and some recommendations going forward for integrating AI into law school curricula.
This chapter lays out the ways in which Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851) influenced the development of the concept of thought experiment. Ernst Mach (1838–1916) is currently more often credited with laying the foundations of contemporary views, and he is sometimes thought to have been little (if at all) influenced by Ørsted. Against these standard accounts, I will show that Ørsted’s and Mach’s descriptions have key features in common. Both thinkers hold that thought experiments: (1) are a method of variation, (2) require the experimenter’s free activity, and (3) are useful in educational contexts for guiding students to arrive at certain conclusions on their own (i.e., to genuinely appropriate new concepts). The process of variation is guided by the search for invariants, some of which do not directly appear in experience. Since it is important that teachers and students be able to bring the same ideal objects to mind, thought experiments play a key role for both Ørsted and Mach in math education. While Ørsted’s emphasis on the role of thought experiments in math has been proposed as a reason why his descriptions are not relevant for contemporary use of thought experiments, I will show how their role in mathematical thinking – stemming from Kant’s descriptions of the method of construction in geometry – are part of a wider account of thought experiments that encompasses their role in the sciences and also philosophy.
Digital technologies influence every facet of our lives – education, health, leisure activities, finances and jobs. You may have heard terms for digital technologies, such as information technology and information and communication technology (ICT). In this chapter, we use digital technology and ICT interchangeably. In the first section, titled ‘Digital technologies and you’, we explore pre-service teachers’ personal and educational experiences with digital technologies and investigate attitudes towards digital technologies in education. A historical overview of technology and associated challenges is presented. The second section, ‘Digital technology in education’, explores the current situation in early childhood, primary and secondary school contexts. It offers some insights into theoretical frameworks, curriculum implications, pedagogical implications and practical considerations for contemporary classrooms. The third section, ‘Using digital technologies in class’, provides numerous suggestions and practical information on how digital technologies can be used for teaching and learning in the classroom.
The terms ‘curriculum’, ‘pedagogy’, ‘assessment’ and ‘reporting’ are often heard. Each of these terms has been interpreted in different ways and, throughout the history of formal education, one or another has been often at the forefront of educational thinking and practice. We consider that these four areas are inextricably interwoven and changes in policy or practice in one area influence each of the others. This chapter introduces some of the literature, research and practice to help develop an understanding of curriculum, pedagogy, assessment and reporting. We will discuss the interrelationship and alignment of these four areas, enabling reflection on how changes in each of these areas at a national, system or school level impact the day-to-day work of teachers.
The Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (APST), as introduced in Chapter 1, require that teachers not only know the content and how to teach it, but also know their students and how they learn. This chapter introduces the concept of pedagogy and examines the centrality of relationships between teacher, student and content, as a defining feature of pedagogy. Pedagogy is the most outward expression of how a teacher considers that teaching and learning best take place. Teachers should always base their decisions on ‘how’ to teach on their understanding of how the students in their class learn best. This involves a number of considerations, such as their stage of development (physical, cognitive and social), individual interests and preferred ways of learning. A number of different pedagogical frameworks are explored in the chapter, which concludes with a discussion of some of the key elements of exemplary teaching and how these elements are embedded in pedagogy.
The objective of this chapter is to define socio-dramatic play from a cultural-historical perspective and to describe how teachers can become co-players with children in their play. To do this we present case studies from research and a pedagogical toolbox to support children’s participation, learning and development. The chapter begins by outlining children’s socio-dramatic play using a cultural-historical perspective to focus on interactions in shared play. In socio-dramatic play, imagination and creativity are central as children create narratives together. Play creates conditions for children to express and construct meaning with others and to become co-players in a shared imagined world. Adults in early childhood settings traditionally support children’s play by planning, resourcing and observing, although their role as co-player is less understood.
The overabundance of examples in Schoenberg’s textbooks can often be overwhelming. When one solution might have sufficed to illustrate a particular concept, Schoenberg offered many. It was not uncommon for him to compose multiple alternative endings and ossia measures for a single solution, often devoid of aesthetic evaluation, and sometimes of explanatory text altogether. Readers of his texts are familiar with this quirk, but what was the point of such tireless exploration? Schoenberg believed that, through this systematic exploration of possibility, his students would gain the tools necessary to grapple with the unique problems of their own musical ideas. In turn, this emphasis on self-reliance and possibility fostered precisely the stylistic and creative diversity that we find among Schoenberg’s students, from Anton Webern to John Cage. Schoenberg’s emphasis on possibility encouraged a diverse pedagogical legacy that includes film composers, serialists, music theorists and even a composer who late in life saw no contradiction in adding punk rock performance to her résumé.
Here, we describe the creation of a new program, Public and Applied Liberal Arts, at a regional public university in the Midwest. We discuss the values of transdisciplinary research and teaching for the public good, and how we put together a willing group of faculty from across the university to create a new kind of academic program that moves the humanities into our communities and beyond.
The policy shifts the United States is facing as of late are creating a changing landscape for workers and organizations. These policy shifts are also impacting how industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology professors engage with pedagogy and politics in the classroom and training. Our policy brief emphasizes using policy shifts to support skill building around critical thinking and evidence-based decision making, thereby promoting classroom and training environments that empower the next generation. In this article, we discuss these implications and recommendations for I-O professors (including instructors, faculty, and others responsible for teaching and training the next generation of workers and I-O professionals). We call on I-O professors to intentionally engage with policy shifts in the classroom, emphasize evidence-based practice and provide opportunities to develop these skills, and support I-O advocacy. We recognize that these efforts are not without challenge, and we provide recommendations to reduce the burden on I-O professors and students when critically engaging with this content. Finally, we highlight several sources, including Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), that provide information on navigating and understanding the ongoing policy shifts.
This article explores how pedagogy focused on affective possibilities of narrative genres can suggest new directions for climate fiction, potentially challenging the dystopian dominance in the climate crisis imaginary. We analyse a corpus of work produced by first year creative writing students. The students were given the task of “mashing” climate fiction with another genre (romance, horror, crime or any other genre of their choice) and asked to reflect on how this changed the emotional affect and tone of their narrative. Many students were still drawn to dystopian visions, reflecting how climate fiction has become entangled with this particular mode of storytelling, but the focus on reader affect resulted in the students adding layers of hope and agency. Many made use of the possibilities offered by genre: the whimsical allegory of fantasy, the critical thinking of realism, the active fear of horror and the comic potential of satire. By giving students the freedom to embed climate change into their preferred genre, and by asking them to consider the affective consequences of their choices, we offer challenges to the dominance of dystopian climate fiction, suggesting a different path to narratively engage with the climate crisis without descending into hopelessness.
Writings on hip hop education from hip-hop’s golden age onwards have often concerned themselves with the relationship between educational institutions, pedagogic practices and spaces and the vernacular identities and multicultural literacies of their disadvantaged students. This parallels and is related to the contentious educational debates that erupted during the so-called US culture wars of the 1990s concerning race, cultural identity, relevance and value. Accordingly, the chapter argues that a chief source of hip-hop education’s legitimacy derives from an abiding insistence amongst its practitioners and advocates that the more ostensibly “positive” and “conscious” examples of rap, in keeping with the black cultural continuum, express hip-hop’s inherent didacticism. I describe and examine these issues and their methodological and pedagogic claims – past and present – against a backdrop of moral panic that has long dogged rap music but also supplied it with critical impetus. The final section of the chapter offers a case-study of a recent British hip-hop education programme that seeks to make use of UK drill music to develop the capacities of educationally disaffected school-age young people.
Early childhood teachers in Australia are qualified to teach children from birth to five years of age or birth through to eight years of age depending on their teacher education program and state qualifications. A significant challenge is the need to be knowledgeable about, and comfortable working with, different curriculum framework documents. Belonging, Being and Becoming: The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia (EYLF v2.0) informs practice in early education and care settings for children from birth to age 6, while the Australian Curriculum models the curriculum in the Foundation to Year 10 (hereafter: F–10) formal schooling years. This chapter will provide a contextual foundation for teaching and learning in HASS, beginning with a broad discussion of the Australian Curriculum: HASS in the early years of primary schooling, considered through the lens of the EYLF v2.0. Similarities and differences between the two curriculum documents will then be addressed, as well as how these documents potentially affect children’s learning and how educators teach. Finally, it will be argued that pedagogical practice, specifically inquiry-based learning rather than content-based learning, contributes to effective connections between the foundations for learning developed in the early years settings and transition to the first years of formal schooling.
For seven years in a row (2016 through 2022), we carried out a project with two goals. One was to train undergraduate students in sociolinguistic interviewing; the other was to catch change among English intensifiers. We expected to find an innovative variant, maybe either so or super. However, the incoming form we identify is very. We propose that, after a long decline, very became unusual enough to gain novelty value and be available for recycling. This surprising finding emerges clearly from our fine-grained, real-time data across two registers (speech and instant messaging) despite dozens of different student interviewers and two years of pandemic conditions. The cohesive patterns attest to the fundamental orderliness of language, even in phenomena such as English intensifiers that are characterized by constant, rapid change.
In the spring of 2024, I taught an Introduction to Public Humanities course at Yale University, with the support of a teaching fellow. My primary aim was to expand student understanding of how the humanities could be practiced beyond the walls of the university for a wider public. However, to accomplish this goal, we first needed to situate the more abstract concepts of the “public” and the “humanities” historically and conceptually. This stimulated us to divide the course into three parts. The first, The Humanities and Publics in Context, focused on the history of the humanities within the broader American discourse. The second part, Humanities in Public Life, brought guest speakers from various areas of the program’s concentrations: Place and Space, History and the Public, Museums and Collections, Public Writing, Documentary Studies, Arts Research, and Digital Humanities. Finally, the third part, Public Humanities: Making It as We Do It, provided students the opportunity to engage directly with the public humanities through hands-on projects, allowing them to put their learning into action. This paper captures the lessons we learned, the challenges we encountered, and the work we created throughout the course. My hope in sharing this process is that it can serve as a useful resource for others looking to explore or develop their own public humanities projects.
The introduction by the co-editors both surveys the biography of María Irene Fornés and highlights the significance of Fornés’s work within and beyond the US theatre context. The co-editors also offer a summary overview of the goals of the volume, detailing the thematic and contextual priorities of each of the volume’s four parts (Places and People; Theatre; Culture, Society, and Politics; Legacy). Next, the co-editors offer six potential pathways (Experimentation, Pedagogy, Bilinguality, Networks, Archival Discoveries, "Choose Your Own Adventure") for readers, teachers, and students to follow as they choose "how to use" the volume. Finally, the co-editors conclude with a word of welcome to readers, inviting them to the process of the many as-yet-to-be-told stories of María Irene Fornés in her many contexts.