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1 results

  • 18 - Rubber

  • from Part IV - Ligaments of Globalization
  • Edited by J. R. McNeill, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Kenneth Pomeranz, University of Chicago
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History
    Published online:
    05 May 2015
    Print publication:
    16 April 2015, pp 423-443

  • Summary

    In 1715 Pope Clement XI declared that Chinese Catholics were not allowed to conduct Confucian ritual or ancestral ritual. In societies where religions were pitted against each other they have to be cleansed of their divisive potential by being encapsulated in nationalism. Islam contains ideas about just rule and divinely sanctioned law that were important in the ritual legitimacy of traditional states. The idea of a spirituality that transcended the division of nations and religions gained in influence in response to imperialism and to the massacre of the First World War. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism have always been potentially global religions, depending on expansion of trade networks or political formations, but in the current phase of globalization, enhanced by new forms of communication such as the Internet, they have followed patterns of labor migration and have become truly global.