We analysed the early results of a screening and management protocol of imported female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) among migrant women from endemic countries. In total we screened 136 women, from which 39 had suspicion of FGS (serology-positive test and clinical signs and symptoms compatible). Median age was of 42.7 years [interquartile range (IQR 35–45)], median time living in the Europe (EU) was of 14 years (IQR 10–19) and all of them were coming from a West African country, mainly Senegal (17 out of 39; 43.6%). All of them had 1 or more clinical genitourinary findings [median 5 (IQR 2–6)], being the most prevalent pelvic pain, vaginal discharge and menstrual disorders. According to the protocol, colposcopy and cytology examination was performed in 11 participants, from whom 7 had findings compatible with FGS and 5 had low-grade cervical dysplasia with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative results. After specific treatment with praziquantel (PZQ), we observed a high rate of resolution of clinical signs and symptoms, serology clearance at the 12th month of follow-up. Colposcopy lesions of 3 women assessed at the end of follow-up were fully resolved. Our findings and previous research support the implementation of management protocols of FGS in non-endemic countries, in spite of the knowledge gaps that still remain. Clinical trials need further assessment to determine the efficacy of PZQ, new diagnostic tools and the interaction between FGS, HPV and cervical cancer.

This study exploits rich data sources to investigate city-level patterns of internal migration policies in response to the reform of Chinese household registration and the economic, political and sociocultural determinants that drive policy approaches. First, we collected and systematically coded policy documents from 231 cities. Cluster analyses showed that the majority of cities (63%) adopted less lenient selection policies while offering integrative social welfare policies. Rights to internal migration remain selectively granted in China, yet rights to welfare have become more equitable than they were in the past because of the reform. Second, multinomial regression analyses showed that economic development and growth are related to selection policies that are more lenient towards high-skilled migrants, whereas top-down controls of superior governments, local politicians’ characteristics (e.g. tenure concerns and hometown favouritism) and migrants’ sociocultural environments (e.g. pre-existing labour disputes) account for both selection and integration policies.