This chapter surveys various types of reduplicative word formation in German and discusses their morpho-phonological regularities as well as their use conditions and the iconically-expressive meanings attributed to them. It is argued that the repetitive, formally redundant forms pose strict conditions on their use, making reduplication prone to familiar and non-standard language use. At the same time, reduplications are phonologically conspicuous markers for expressive meaning dimensions. Reduplication in German especially evokes semantic flavours related to smallness, playfulness, lack of seriousness, and jocular depreciation. The survey suggests that, in spite of the foregrounding of the expressive and poetic function, the various types of reduplication are morphologically quite regular. Previous accounts on reduplication in German that deem these words to be “extra-grammatical” are therefore rejected.

Chapter 7 deals with a longstanding controversy from both historical and theoretical linguistic perspectives. The chapter provides a description of Korean vowel harmony beginning with an overview of its historical and theoretical linguistic background. Middle Korean displays relatively rigorous patterns of vowel harmony; contemporary varieties show reduced but still complicated patterns that are confined to certain morphological contexts, as a result of historical changes. The description of Korean vowel harmony in this chapter is divided mainly into two parts: the relatively complete vowel harmony system in Middle Korean, and vowel harmony in contemporary (chiefly Seoul) Korean. The former provides an historical and typological overview of the productive MK patterns, while the latter focuses on the exceptions and variations of the remnant harmony patterns in ideophones and verbal inflections. The remainder of the chapter introduces a number of theoretical approaches, from early generative treatments to more recent Optimality Theoretic analyses.

Stative complex predicates consist of a stative concept combined with an eventive concept. Stative complex predicates may be participant-oriented (resultative and depictive) or event-oriented (manner). All three types of stative complex predicate constructions share strategies, indicating that they belong in a single conceptual space. Strategies for stative complex predicates are recruited from complex sentence constructions, modification constructions, and even referring phrase constructions. A finer-grained functional analysis indicates that stative complex predicates are part of a modification--predication continuum. The function of ‘manner’ ranges from a stative construal of manner to a more dynamic construal of manner of how an event unfolds. The range of ‘manner’ includes expression as ideophones and how event ‘manner’ is expressed in combination with a form expressing the ‘result’ of an event.