The theory posits that conformation systems are the channel for children to discover their community’s implementations of each relational model. Hence, children seek, initiate, attend, and take note of conformations. Consequently, conformation systems are the media for cultural reproduction, transformation, and resistance to social systems. Another point to consider is that conformations may or may not be intentional, be done by choice, or be in conscious awareness. Also a big issue is the conceptualization of felicity conditions for conformations: When are people receptive to a given conformation, and when are they offended by – and reject – a given conformation? Another aspect of conformation systems that we have only touched on, but that merits extensive research, is that they, on the one hand, often depend on available technology, and, on the other hand, impel the invention, diffusion, and development of technologies that facilitate, amplify, and hence increase the efficacy of conformations.

In this chapter, we think about the different things that we do when we produce utterances. Communication is not only about the exchange of information. We also perform acts and, in some cases, change the world when we speak, sign, or write. Speech act theory emerged as a means of understanding and analysing the things we do when we use language. We track the development of speech act theory, focusing on the work of two influential thinkers in the field: Austin and Searle. We begin by looking at what Austin called performatives and discuss how their meaning can be understood in terms of felicity conditions. We then move on to explore Austin’s distinction between locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. John R. Searle’s work responds to and develops the work of Austin. He identifies four categories of felicity condition and uses these to propose a classification system for illocutionary acts. We consider Searle’s discussion of indirect speech acts as a key contribution to speech act theory and pragmatics more widely. The chapter ends with a brief overview of how speech act theory has been applied and developed since the work of Austin and Searle.