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Peripheral participants in an event may be construed as more salient in certain situations, and hence expressed by core argument phrases. In causative events, an external cause participant brings about the event, and is generally expressed as the subject (a more core participant). Causative constructions vary as to how the other central participant(s) is/are expressed, similar to the strategies found with transfer events described in Chapter 7. In events expressed by applicative constructions, a peripheral participant that is not an external cause is construed as more salient, and expressed as the object (a less core participant). If there is a third participant that is prototypically expressed as object, it may be encoded as object or as an oblique, if it is expressed at all. Applicative constructions may differ depending on the role of the participant expressed as object. Applicative constructions may also have the same form as causative constructions in a language. Finally, there appears to be a hierarchy of nonbasic voice constructions with respect to whether the verb is zero coded or overtly coded.

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Kant, following Newtonian principles, considers what external causes could effect any changes in the rotation of the earth. In his essay, he explains the problem posed by the Prussian Royal Academy of Sciences in their prize essay question. These include whether the axial rotation of the Earth which brings about the alternation of day and night has undergone any change since its origin, what the cause may be, and how one can be certain of it. He says that the Earth turns continually on its axis with a free motion which would thenceforth continue unchanged and at the same speed and direction ad infinitum, if there were no obstacles or external causes to retard or accelerate it. He tries to show that an external cause really is present, and it gradually reduces the Earth's motion and even conspires over immeasurably long periods to stop its rotation altogether.

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9 - Argument Coding and Voice

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9 - Argument Coding and Voice

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