The chapter recalls and summarizes the principal arguments made in the book.

In this Introduction, a summary of the whole book is provided. The main concepts are defined and the main historical figures, such as Adolf Hitler, Vladimir Putin, Marquis de Sade, Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, and Oscar Schindler, are mentioned.

The period from 1945 to 1960 was a mixture of the darker aspects of the time and the brighter aspects of the succeeding period. While there were disorder, division, and war, many of the conditions for the subsequent development were provided during this period. South Korea became an exception among the ex-colonies by escaping from socialism and being closely integrated with advanced capitalist countries. The country built a system whereby private enterprises faced workers with poor labor rights while carrying out the land reform. After the war, the growth rate was not impressive, as the prevalent government failure made it impossible to overcome the market failure. Yet import-substituting industrialization proceeded, through which chaebol emerged as a major player in the economy. The country implemented disinflation, enhanced education level, and began to promote exports, providing a condition for future growth, but the former two rather helped precipitate a crisis in 1960.

Having a satisfying romantic relationship and satisfying employment is important to most people but maintaining the balance between these two domains is not easy. Both roles require a significant investment of time, effort, and cognitive and emotional resources. There is an increased realization in academia that the separation between studying relationships and studying work is artificial and does not represent the many intersections of these roles. In this chapter, we discuss how work and romantic relationships can interact with each other and impact individuals’ outcomes. We first cover workplace romantic relationships, workplace sexual harassment, and organizations’ attempt to regulate romantic relationships at work. Then, we continue with reviewing the positive and negative associations of work and romantic relationship. Lastly, we introduce an economic perspective to examining romantic relationships and consider the workplace as a local marriage market.

Developing computational skills and the concepts that underpin proportional reasoning is a large component of the primary mathematics curriculum. Moving children’s thinking towards proportional reasoning will be covered in more detail in Chapter 6. The research base about the development of number concepts in individual students goes back many years and is too large to address in detail (e.g. Björklund et al., 2020; Whitacre et al., 2020). In this chapter, the focus is on effective teaching to enhance learning: developing computational skills, the relationships between different operations and moving from additive to multiplicative thinking.

The chapter explores the interaction of reason with perceptual experience and empirical procedures in Galen. It aims to answer two main questions: (a) how does Galen's account cope with the problem of the inexpressibility of sensory experience in words? (b) what input does logos – in the sense both of prior theoretical conceptions, and of verbal accounts – have in the organization and training, and/or the actual content, of sensory experience? The investigation is carried out on the basis of a number of substantial texts which have previously received very little scholarly attention, and in particular examines in conjunction relevant passages from the treatises on the pulse and from that on simple drugs. I identify and discuss Galen's distinctive and original theoretical arguments in these areas, as well as the relevance of his discussions to medical training and clinical practice.

The chapter discusses two texts designed to throw into sharp relief Galen’s methods of solving natural and dialectical problems. The first comes from the treatise The Mixtures and Powers of Simple Drugs (SMT), and deals with the power and nature of olive oil. Galen castigates one Archidamus for having arrived at a mistaken account of oil’s nature, because he has generalised from a limited set of observations of questionable relevance. In contrast, Galen proposes an orderly course of inquiry, which starts from the complete account of the oil’s observable attributes and proceeds towards causal investigation by means of their empirically testable ‘differentiations’. The second text is Thrasybulus, subtitled Whether Hygiene Belongs to Medicine or Gymnastics (Thras.), and the chater shows how Galen sets about answering that question in a quasi-dialectical manner. The first step is the discovery of an agreed starting-point, consisting of a relevant and non-question-begging description of the point at issue. This is followed by further conceptual clarification of the agreed description, which, as the chapter argues, plays a similar role in the dialectical dispute as ‘differentiation’ of observed attributes in the former case.

Chapter 3 demonstrates why Libyan, Syrian, and Yemeni mobilization was weak before the Arab Spring. The author shows how two transnational social forces--transnational repression and conflict transmission--depressed and deterred anti-regime mobilization by embedding diasporas in authoritarian systems of control and sociopolitical antagonisms through members' home-country ties.

This chapter shows that paragraphs are themselves an ‘expressive device’ and not simply a form of segmenting prose into semantically neutral units. The chapter draws on a history of paragraphs (which are alternatively linked to oral delivery and to logical organisation) and shows how paragraphs can contribute to various effects of expression, including tonal control.

Chapter 3 demonstrates why Libyan, Syrian, and Yemeni mobilization was weak before the Arab Spring. The author shows how two transnational social forces--transnational repression and conflict transmission--depressed and deterred anti-regime mobilization by embedding diasporas in authoritarian systems of control and sociopolitical antagonisms through members' home-country ties.

In this chapter, the influence of Hellenistic philosophy on Roman law is discussed in terms of method: with the help of the Stoic dialectical methods of classifying and defining the Roman jurists could start to systematise the organically grown output of their civil law and turn the resolution of disputes into a scientific enterprise, producing systematic overviews along the way. In the 6th century CE, the Roman Emperor Justinian took the influential decision that an updated version of one of these accounts itself be given the status of law.

Parts of Animals Book 1 is mainly concerned with a discussion of the norms (horoi) that govern natural (biological) inquiry. In the present chapter I examine one of those norms, which concerns “how one ought to carry out an investigation of animals” (PA 1.1.639b3–5). Aristotle examines two alternative methods. The first recommends investigating animals species by species (e.g. sparrow, finch, raven). The second begins by grouping species into wider kinds (e.g. bird) and studies those features that belong to them as members of those wider kinds before going on to study those variations that differentiate one form of that kind from another (e.g. variations in beak shape). While scholars have been tempted to conclude that Aristotle rejects the first method outright, I argue that he thinks both approaches are important tools in the biologist’s tool-kit (PA 1.4.644b1–6). In the final section of the chapter I show how this discussion helps bring into focus the broader controversy surrounding the relation between the scientific theory presented in the Posterior Analytics and Aristotle’s scientific practice in the biological works.

The Cold War brought into the world and the world of inter-state relations a novel kind of space, Division Space – really, a novel mode of spatialisation altogether. The double Germanies, the double Vietnams, the double Koreas, the double Berlins, and the double Chinas were split along the Cold War fault line itself. But that line was not merely a geological feature or a surveyor’s or boundary commission’s line of demarcation, not a 38th parallel or River Elbe. They were only the most spectacular instances of a new space of division of unprecedented scope and penetration, simultaneously jurisdictional (legal), geographic, demographic, political, cultural, economic and ultimately civilisational. The scale of division was adjustable and fractal: city, state, continent, globe.