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1 results

  • 11 - Disinfodemic Threats. Real, False, and Fake News

  • from Introduction to Part II
  • Edited by Tiina Pajuste, Tallinn University
  • Book:
    Human Rights in the Digital Domain
    Published online:
    24 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025, pp 199-240
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  • Summary

    This chapter examines the phenomenon of disinformation in the digital era and its implications for freedom of expression. It explores how the rapid dissemination of false, manipulated, and misleading information – termed a ‘disinfodemic’ – poses threats to human rights, democracy, and public trust. The chapter outlines the historical roots of disinformation, the technological factors that enable it, and the responses by public and private actors to mitigate its harmful effects. The chapter differentiates between disinformation (intentional), misinformation (unintentional), and malinformation (genuine information used to harm), while highlighting their diverse forms, such as fake news, deepfakes, and conspiracy theories. Disinformation erodes public trust, affects electoral integrity, threatens public health, and harms individuals’ rights to information and privacy. The chapter emphasises the necessity of finding a balance between combating disinformation and preserving freedom of expression.