The purpose of this study was to examine the legislative and criminological aspects of combatting fraud at the international and national levels. For an effective study of the topic, it was vital to use terminological, hermeneutical, comparative and historical methods. The study covered the essence of fraud as a criminal offence, and identified and analysed the most widespread types of fraud. The study identified the key elements of the crime of fraud: deception, intent of the offender, transfer of property as a result of misrepresentation, mercenary motive and establishment of factual damage. The study found that the key feature that classifies fraud as a criminal offence is the existence of an intentional act. As a result of the study, the international regulatory framework was analysed, as well as the legislation of Kazakhstan and Singapore on combatting fraud. Furthermore, the criminal law and criminological aspects of combatting the crime of fraud were studied through the practices of Kazakhstan and Singapore. The study paid special attention to the need to ensure an effective and complete legal framework in the field of fraud prevention and the development of strong international cooperation on this matter. The study also emphasized the significance of raising public awareness of the fraud situation and conducting educational activities to inform the public about the potential risks.

The paper analyses the notion of anomie through various theories presented in the works of classical Greek thinkers up to today’s understanding of this notion. In this regard, the article will touch on some previous understandings of this phenomenon, and the beginnings of modern thought on anomie in the work of Jean-Marie Guyau, and the developed understandings of Robert Merton and Émil Durkheim as the two most prominent authors dealing with this topic. In addition, the attitudes of marginalized writers will be analysed, as well as neglected and underrepresented understandings in criminology and wider science. The purpose of this paper is to find common ground between all previous understandings of the theory of anomie, and to try to find a more specific meaning of the term in order to contribute to the discussion on this topic.

El estudio examina cómo la edad, el sexo y el trastorno por uso de sustancias se asocian con el riesgo de cometer un delito penal. El estudio examina explícitamente el riesgo después del primer contacto con el sistema hospitalario psiquiátrico y despues del diagnóstico de esquizofrenia para personas sin antecedentes penales; se analiza también la asociación entre los delitos no violentos anteriores y los delitos violentos posteriores. La muestra de estudio constaba de 4.619 individuos que habían tenido alguna vez el diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Se podía acceder a todos los delitos resueltos. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la regresión de Cox. Los hombres esquizofrénicos tenían el doble de riesgo que las mujeres esquizofrénicas de cometer delitos tanto violentos como no violentos. Un trastorno por uso de sustancias registrado aumentaba 1,9-3,7 veces el riesgo, según el punto de partida para los análisis, mientras que la edad mayor en el primer contacto o cuando se tuvo el diagnóstico de esquizofrenia disminuía el riesgo. Los delitos no violentos anteriores aumentaban 2,52,7 veces el riesgo de delitos violentos posteriores, según el punto de partida para los análisis. Los resultados indican que el sistema de tratamiento psiquiátrico puede desempeñar un papel activo en la prevención de delitos entre los individuos con esquizofrenia. Las medidas preventivas se deben basar en una evaluación minuciosa que incluya los antecedentes delictivos en el ingreso y la alerta hacia los varones psicóticos jóvenes con trastornos por uso de sustancias y especialmente si tienen tambien antecedentes delictivos.