In this chapter, we review empirical and conceptual work pertaining to organic changes in the brain and shifting goals as contributors to age-related changes in affective processing. We argue for the need to integrate these two previously isolated lines of research by delineating their crucial interplay toward a comprehensive understanding of affective neuroscience in aging. We present examples of aging trajectories, impacted by organic brain and motivational change, to identify key processes of interest for future research and potent intervention targets to promote successful aging. We conclude with open basic and applied research questions embedded within our integrated conceptual framework to guide future research on affective neuroscience in aging.

This introductory chapter delves into the inception of developmental cognitive neuroscience, a field shaped by historical inquiries into brain development, childhood learning, and the nature–nurture debate. We trace the origins of this interdisciplinary endeavor, revealing how it has emerged as a pioneering approach to comprehending human development. In this chapter, we dissect the core components of developmental cognitive neuroscience: development, cognition, and neuroscience. We elucidate their interconnectedness, underpinning theories, and evolving methodologies, spotlighting the transformative impact of recent technological strides. Throughout the book, our emphasis remains on the synthesis of these elements, illustrating their collective role in advancing our comprehension of human development. This chapter establishes the groundwork for an engaging exploration of the intricate interplay between brain maturation, cognitive processes, and the unfolding of human potential.