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The 28-item Body Exposure during Sexual Activities Questionnaire (BESAQ; Cash et al., 2004) assesses respondents’ anxious attentional focus on and avoidance of exposing their body during sexual relations. The BESAQ can be administered online or in-person to sexually active adolescents or adults and items are averaged to obtain a total score. It is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BESAQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity support the use of the BESAQ. Next, this chapter provides all BESAQ items, instructions for administering the BESAQ to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. An 18-item abbreviated form is discussed. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.
The 10-item Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI; Veale et al., 2013) assesses cognitive processes and behaviours characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The AAI is derived from a theoretical model of BDD that defines appearance anxiety as a person’s responses to their perceived flaws and shame about their appearance (e.g., appearance-focused attention, comparison, rumination, checking, and avoidance). The AAI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the AAI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis support a 2-factor structure (appearance avoidance, threat monitoring), yet a single factor accounted for most of the scale’s variance and therefore the AAI is calculated as a single appearance anxiety score. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and sensitivity to change as a result of therapy support the use of the AAI. Next, this chapter provides the AAI items in their entirety, instructions for administering the AAI to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe mental disorder. Body shape disturbances are key in the development and maintenance of AN. Only few data are available on inpatients with life-threatening AN. Therefore, we aimed to investigate if body shape difficulties—with a focus on both body checking and avoidance—could improve during hospitalization in both subtypes of AN and to ascertain eventual associations between body shape concerns upon admission and clinical outcome.
Methods.
Upon hospital admission and end of treatment (EOT), 139 inpatients with AN completed Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ), and Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) in addition to measures of eating and general psychopathology.
Results.
Patients with severe AN reported improved BSQ and BIAQ scores at EOT while BCQ did not significantly change. Diagnostic subtypes differed only in baseline BSQ scores and had an impact on the improvement in BSQ at EOT. Baseline BCQ was associated with patients’ clinical improvement at EOT, even after controlling for age, duration of illness, Body Mass Index, depression, and anxiety scores.
Conclusions.
Data on body shape concerns and their trajectory during hospitalization for severe AN are lacking; our findings provide support to the effectiveness of hospitalization in improving body shape concerns and body avoidance, but not body checking. Also, baseline body shape concerns (especially body checking) impacted on clinical improvement. Future research is needed to identify treatments that could further improve the therapeutic approach to severe patients of AN in the acute setting.
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