The 9-item Body Image Life Disengagement Questionnaire (BILD-Q; Atkinson & Diedrichs, 2021) assesses behavioral avoidance of important life activities due to body image and appearance concerns. Encompassing life domains beyond physical and mental health (e.g., participation in education and sport, socializing, seeking healthcare, self-assertion), the BILD-Q contributes to understanding the broader consequences of negative body image on individual development and future contribution to society. The BILD-Q can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. Women and men complete the same 28 items. This chapter first discusses the development of the BILD-Q and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have shown the BILD-Q to have a unidimensional factor structure. Its gender invariance has been upheld among early adolescents. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BILD-Q. This chapter provides the BILD-Q items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The 16-item Physical Appearance and State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS; Reed et al., 1991) assesses state and trait level body image anxiety. The PASTAS can be administered online and/or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the PASTAS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PASTAS has been found to have a two or three factor structure within exploratory factor analyses with evidence of factorial invariance in male and female samples, as well as sports and non-sports practitioners. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the PASTAS. Next, this chapter provides the PASTAS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PASTAS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 18-item Social Media Appearance Preoccupation Scale (SMAPS) has three subscales that measure social comparison (6 items), self-presentation (7 items), and general activity (5 items) related to appearance when engaging in visual online content, especially using social media. The subscales can form a total score or be used to focus on one or more of the three subscales of online appearance preoccupation, which allows for a shorter measure. The SMAPS was designed with five issues in mind: 1) image sharing activity, 2) investment and self-presentation, 3) social comparison, 4) active versus passive social media use, and 5) negative responses to social media. The SMAPS can be administered online or in-person and has been included in research with adolescents and young adults. The SMAPS is free to use. This chapter begins with a discussion of the development of the SMAPS from item generation to psychometric analyses, which is followed by sections with psychometric information, including the factor structure and invariance, and evidence of reliability and validity. Additional sections cover administration and scoring, the response scale, the items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and permissions, copyright and contact information are provided.

The 13-item Appearance-Related Safety Behavior Scale (ARSB-S; Patel et al., 2022) assesses the frequency of engagement in in appearance-related safety behaviors (ARSBs; i.e., maladaptive behaviors used to reduce or manage appearance anxiety or fear of being negatively evaluated based on appearance) over the past month. The ARSB-S can be administered online and in person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter discusses the development of the ARSB-S and provides evidence for its psychometric properties. More specifically, the ARSB-S has been found to have a two-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with evidence for invariance based on gender. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the ARSB-S. Next, this chapter provides the ARSB-S items in their entirety, instructions for administering the scale to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.