Two field experiments were conducted to examine the competitive effect of common cocklebur and sicklepod in soybean. Factors examined included sap flow of both the weed and the crop, as well as the traditional parameters of weed and crop growth and crop yield. The intent was to determine to what extent competitive effects could be attributed to differential water utilization. In the first study, soybean planted at 20 plants m−1 row was infested with either sicklepod at 10 plants m−1 row or common cocklebur at two plants m−1 row. Sicklepod reduced soybean sap flow and yield 53 and 49%, respectively. Common cocklebur reduced soybean sap flow and yield 31 and 38%, respectively. Within a weed species, weed-induced yield and sap flow reductions were comparable, indicating that water deprivation was the primary detriment that these weeds inflicted on soybean. Individual common cocklebur plants were 3.9 times more competitive than sicklepod with respect to reducing soybean yield. However, sap flow of individual common cocklebur plants was only 1.4 times more than that of sicklepod, indicating that water deprivation was not the only causal factor in weed-crop competition. In the second experiment, sicklepod was planted in soybean (fixed density) and clipped to either half the height, same height as soybean, or left unclipped, in an attempt to simulate herbicide-induced stunting. Clipping sicklepod had a positive effect on soybean sap flow and yield. Thus, the benefits of reduced weed competition were achieved without killing sicklepod.

Transpirations of cotton and velvetleaf plants competing for water and light were estimated with heat balance stem flow gauges in a controlled environment. Cotton and velvetleaf plants were grown together in pots and monitored during fluctuations in soil water, irradiance, air temperature, and humidity. Shading from other plants imposed light competition on velvetleaf or cotton. Velvetleaf used significantly more water than cotton given ample water and light. Transpiration by both species was reduced in dry soil, but velvetleaf transpiration was reduced primarily by leaf abscision, while cotton leaves did not abscise. Both cotton and velvetleaf plants transpired significantly less when shaded. Leaf water potentials indicated that shaded plants experienced reduced evaporative demand suggesting that shading reduced plant stress in dry soil. Competition for water was strongly influenced by competition for light.

Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in cotton production. Yield losses of65% have been reported from season-long Palmer amaranth competition withcotton. To determine whether water is a factor in this system, experimentswere conduced in 2011, 2012, and 2013 in Citra, FL, and in Tifton, GA. In2011, infrequent rainfall lead to drought stress. The presence of Palmeramaranth resulted in decreased soil relative water content up to 1 m indepth. Cotton stomatal conductance (gs) was reduced up to 1.8 m from a Palmer amaranth plant. In 2012and 2013 higher than average rainfall resulted in excess water throughoutthe growing season. In this situation, no differences were found in soilrelative water content or cotton gs as a function of proximity to Palmer amaranth. A positivelinear trend was found in cotton photosynthesis and yield; each parameterincreased as distance from Palmer amaranth increased. Even in thesewell-watered conditions, daily water use of Palmer amaranth was considerablyhigher than that of cotton, at 1.2 and 0.49 g H20 cm−2 d−1, respectively. Although Palmer amaranth removed more waterfrom the soil profile, rainfall was adequate to replenish the profile in 2of the 3 yr of this study. However, yield loss due to Palmer amaranth wasstill observed despite no change in gs, indicating other factors, such as competition for light orresponse to neighboring plants during development, are driving yieldloss.